Sport and the law 9

Sports law

The law regulation and judicial systems that govern sports and athletes who perform in them

Damages

Individuals seeking legal redress and compensation following something like a bad challenge in football that broke their leg and prevented them playing for the rest of their career

Bosman ruling

Allows athletes to transfer between clubs following the termination of a contract

Means the power was now in the athletes hands to control the money that they think they are worth

Restraint of trade

Means that a person cannot be banned for life because you are removing their main source of income

Difficulties with delibaracy

Cannot always prove whether something was deliberate or not as only the person that committed the foul knows

SOCCER- The reasons people might need support from the law in their sport

Spectators attacking players- jack grealish

Opponents being too violent - Ben Flower

Contractual issues with sponsors

Contractual issues with employers

Equality of opportunity issues

Refereeing negligence

Negligence and duty of care

Negligence-conduct that falls below a reasonable person standard and leads to a breach in the duty of care

Duty of care- a legal obligation imposed on someone if they are responsible for the group. Officials have a duty of care for the players

Duty of care applied to coaches

This required coaches to take such measures as are reasonable in the circumstances to ensure that individuals will be safe

In loco parentis

A Latin phrase that means in the place of a parent. It is the authority parents assign to another responsible adult who will be taking care of their child

Things coaches must be aware of legally

Health and safety

Protection from abuse

Supplements

Duty of care

Things coaches do to ensure they can provide a duty of care

Up to date contact details and medical records, supervision, first aid, DBS clearance and taking the appropriate risk assessment for the activities

Timeline of crowd safety laws

Occupiers liability act- 1957 duty of care to the visitors

Safety of sports ground act - protects all spectators no matter the sport

Control of alcohol- 1985

Fire safety - 1987

Football spectators act - 1989

Football offences act - 1991

The golden triangle

Sport media sponsorship

The others can not work without all three components functioning

Media

An organised means of communication by which a large amount off people can be reached quickly

OFCOM

Communication s regulator in the UK

Ring-fenced

A number of sporting events at international or national level must be televised without satellite or subscriptions

Reduced amount in recent times to the financial gain as they offer massive amount of money that TV licensig companies cannot reject

Advantages to athletes as a result of the golden triangle

Increased income, increased promotion, increased sponsorship, organised and funded, improved facilities

Disadvantages to athletes as a result of the golden triangle

Possibility of sensationalist media (reporting on the negatives), dictate kick off times, change the nature of the sporting activity, only high profile sports, too demanding, increased pressure to win

Category A and B events

Category A must be televised and have live coverage like the FA cup for free

Category B can be run as pay per view on free stations. Like boxing matches

Merchandising

The practice in which a brand or image from one product is used to sell another

Commercialisation

The treating of sport as a commodity, involving the buying and selling of assets

Sponsorship

Provision of funds, money and or support

High socio economic demographic

A sport played by people with high levels of disposable income

The ethics of sport sponsorship and why an athlete would reject a sponsorship

Social duty to others, personal appearance, opposed nature of the product compared to the athlete, negative impact on future sponsorship, salary, opposed the true nature of their sport, role model for others

The positive impacts of increased medics coverage of coaches

Gains higher profiles, increased public awareness of their role, increased salaries, increased funding

Negative impacts of increased media coverage on the coaches

Intense pressure to be successful, high level of public expectation, expectation to deal with the media under pressure, inequality of sponsorship makes it difficult for lower level teams to attract good players

Positive impacts of increased media coverage on officials

Increases awareness of their role, increase in salary, increased funding to support development systems, increased funding into technology

Negative impacts of media coverage on officials

Increased pressure, increased expectation to respond to media, risk of possible demotion dependent on performance, loss of job, technology not always there at the lower levels of sport

The positive impact of increased media coverage on the spectators and audience

Increased performance standards

Improved quality of facilities

Improved viewing experience via innovation such as changes in ball colour

Increased access to watch sport

More variations of a sport format

The negative impact of increased media coverage on the audience

Increases cost to watch sport

Loss of the traditional nature of sport

Increased number of breaks in play

Fewer tickets available to fans

Minority sport receive less coverage

Research

A systematic process of investigation and study carried out with the aim of advancing knowledge

Sport analytics

The analysis of sports data using analytical tools and methods for data to be subjective to analytical procedures in order to try to improve results

OPTA

A company that has statisticians gathering and analysing sports data collected in order to create the best predictions possible

Quantitative and qualitative

Quantitative research is a formal objective and systematic process using to gather numerical data

Qualitative research is generally focused on words opposed to numbers

Performance analysis

Provides the athlete with objective feedback in order to make a positive change to their performance

Notational- tactics

Biomechanical- your movement

Indirect calorimetry

The measurement of the amount of heat/energy generated in an oxidation reaction by determining the intake or consumption of oxygen or by measuring the amount of carbon dioxide released and translating these quantities into a heat equivalent

Metabolic cart

A device which works by attaching headgear to a subject while they breathe a specific amount of oxygen over a period of time

Calorimetry

Measurement of the heat/energy eliminated or stored in any system

How to perform an indirect calorimetry

Use a metabolic cart to measure the amount of heat produced when the body is at rest

This measures two factors to calculate a heat production one is the oxygen intake and the other is the output of CO2

This measures resting energy expenditure and can vary quite a bit between patients

Resting energy expenditure

The amount of energy usually expressed in kcal required for a 24 hour period by the body during rest

Software and hardware

Computer software is any set of machine readable instructions which direct a computers processor to perform specific operations

Hardware is the physical component of computers

GPS global positioning system

A space based navigation system that provides location and time information

Data integrity

Maintaining and ensuring the accuracy and consistency of stored data over its entire lifetime

Data integrity using sport analytics

Refers to the validity of the data, the data must remain the same no matter what time it is recorded

Ways to minimise threats to data integrity

Regularly backing up data, Controlling access to data, Design designing interfaces which prevent the input of invalid data, Using error detection, not leaving a computer unattended for anyone to access

Smart wearable fitness and sports device

Device that is worn or attached to a persons body while and used to provide instant feedback on aspects of performance such as distance covered

This makes technology accessible to performers from those taking part in physical recreation to those competing at the elite level

Use of analytics and talent ID/scouting

Used to profile and benchmark the effectiveness of performance pathways

Create solid benchmarks for tests that are ran

Define the requirements needed for different sports

Development of equipment

Adapted facilities for elderly and disabled

Ability, limitations resulting from ageing or disability shouldn’t be a barrier to participation

Wheelchairs must be designed differently for individual sports

3G and 4G surfaces

Benefit- it can be played on more frequently and for longer than natural grass and gives consistent conditions

Negatives- in football, it does not reflect the true bounce of grass. It is too rigid leading to joint or ligament injuries.

Multi games areas. (Mugas)

A specific surface for each sport would be ideal but often too expensive and impractical in terms of space

These areas are made out of artificial grass and are used in the places people play program

Why is technology positive or negative in sport?

Marginal gains

Increased participation and making it more inclusive

Development of adaptive equipment

Increasing the quality of surfaces

Providing meaningful data via GPS systems which can help in the short term

It can be misleading

It can be expensive

It can lead to paralysis by analysis where athletes become too reliant on data

It can have a placebo effect

Game golf

A lightweight GPS tracking device which captures accurate shot locations and calculate club performance during a round of golf

Compression clothing

Item such as elasticated legging socks or shirt to want to promote recovery by improving circulation

Positive impact of improvement of technology on the coach

Video analysis enables an assessment of a player

Helps the coach focus training on certain aspect

It can prove a hindrance if there is over emphasis on performance analysis

Positive and negative impacts of improvement of technology on the audience

Increases the involvement of the spectator and therefore excitement of the audience

It ensured right decision decisions are reached with less frustration and incorrect decisions

It helps officials communicate with one another

Increased accuracy and timing of distance achieved which are quickly communicated to the audience