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Sports law
The law regulation and judicial systems that govern sports and athletes who perform in them
Damages
Individuals seeking legal redress and compensation following something like a bad challenge in football that broke their leg and prevented them playing for the rest of their career
Bosman ruling
Allows athletes to transfer between clubs following the termination of a contract
Means the power was now in the athletes hands to control the money that they think they are worth
Restraint of trade
Means that a person cannot be banned for life because you are removing their main source of income
Difficulties with delibaracy
Cannot always prove whether something was deliberate or not as only the person that committed the foul knows
SOCCER- The reasons people might need support from the law in their sport
Spectators attacking players- jack grealish
Opponents being too violent - Ben Flower
Contractual issues with sponsors
Contractual issues with employers
Equality of opportunity issues
Refereeing negligence
Negligence and duty of care
Negligence-conduct that falls below a reasonable person standard and leads to a breach in the duty of care
Duty of care- a legal obligation imposed on someone if they are responsible for the group. Officials have a duty of care for the players
Duty of care applied to coaches
This required coaches to take such measures as are reasonable in the circumstances to ensure that individuals will be safe
In loco parentis
A Latin phrase that means in the place of a parent. It is the authority parents assign to another responsible adult who will be taking care of their child
Things coaches must be aware of legally
Health and safety
Protection from abuse
Supplements
Duty of care
Things coaches do to ensure they can provide a duty of care
Up to date contact details and medical records, supervision, first aid, DBS clearance and taking the appropriate risk assessment for the activities
Timeline of crowd safety laws
Occupiers liability act- 1957 duty of care to the visitors
Safety of sports ground act - protects all spectators no matter the sport
Control of alcohol- 1985
Fire safety - 1987
Football spectators act - 1989
Football offences act - 1991
The golden triangle
Sport media sponsorship
The others can not work without all three components functioning
Media
An organised means of communication by which a large amount off people can be reached quickly
OFCOM
Communication s regulator in the UK
Ring-fenced
A number of sporting events at international or national level must be televised without satellite or subscriptions
Reduced amount in recent times to the financial gain as they offer massive amount of money that TV licensig companies cannot reject
Advantages to athletes as a result of the golden triangle
Increased income, increased promotion, increased sponsorship, organised and funded, improved facilities
Disadvantages to athletes as a result of the golden triangle
Possibility of sensationalist media (reporting on the negatives), dictate kick off times, change the nature of the sporting activity, only high profile sports, too demanding, increased pressure to win
Category A and B events
Category A must be televised and have live coverage like the FA cup for free
Category B can be run as pay per view on free stations. Like boxing matches
Merchandising
The practice in which a brand or image from one product is used to sell another
Commercialisation
The treating of sport as a commodity, involving the buying and selling of assets
Sponsorship
Provision of funds, money and or support
High socio economic demographic
A sport played by people with high levels of disposable income
The ethics of sport sponsorship and why an athlete would reject a sponsorship
Social duty to others, personal appearance, opposed nature of the product compared to the athlete, negative impact on future sponsorship, salary, opposed the true nature of their sport, role model for others
The positive impacts of increased medics coverage of coaches
Gains higher profiles, increased public awareness of their role, increased salaries, increased funding
Negative impacts of increased media coverage on the coaches
Intense pressure to be successful, high level of public expectation, expectation to deal with the media under pressure, inequality of sponsorship makes it difficult for lower level teams to attract good players
Positive impacts of increased media coverage on officials
Increases awareness of their role, increase in salary, increased funding to support development systems, increased funding into technology
Negative impacts of media coverage on officials
Increased pressure, increased expectation to respond to media, risk of possible demotion dependent on performance, loss of job, technology not always there at the lower levels of sport
The positive impact of increased media coverage on the spectators and audience
Increased performance standards
Improved quality of facilities
Improved viewing experience via innovation such as changes in ball colour
Increased access to watch sport
More variations of a sport format
The negative impact of increased media coverage on the audience
Increases cost to watch sport
Loss of the traditional nature of sport
Increased number of breaks in play
Fewer tickets available to fans
Minority sport receive less coverage
Research
A systematic process of investigation and study carried out with the aim of advancing knowledge
Sport analytics
The analysis of sports data using analytical tools and methods for data to be subjective to analytical procedures in order to try to improve results
OPTA
A company that has statisticians gathering and analysing sports data collected in order to create the best predictions possible
Quantitative and qualitative
Quantitative research is a formal objective and systematic process using to gather numerical data
Qualitative research is generally focused on words opposed to numbers
Performance analysis
Provides the athlete with objective feedback in order to make a positive change to their performance
Indirect calorimetry
The measurement of the amount of heat/energy generated in an oxidation reaction by determining the intake or consumption of oxygen or by measuring the amount of carbon dioxide released and translating these quantities into a heat equivalent
Metabolic cart
A device which works by attaching headgear to a subject while they breathe a specific amount of oxygen over a period of time
Calorimetry
Measurement of the heat/energy eliminated or stored in any system
How to perform an indirect calorimetry
Use a metabolic cart to measure the amount of heat produced when the body is at rest
This measures two factors to calculate a heat production one is the oxygen intake and the other is the output of CO2
This measures resting energy expenditure and can vary quite a bit between patients
Resting energy expenditure
The amount of energy usually expressed in kcal required for a 24 hour period by the body during rest
Software and hardware
Computer software is any set of machine readable instructions which direct a computers processor to perform specific operations
Hardware is the physical component of computers
GPS global positioning system
A space based navigation system that provides location and time information
Data integrity
Maintaining and ensuring the accuracy and consistency of stored data over its entire lifetime
Data integrity using sport analytics
Refers to the validity of the data, the data must remain the same no matter what time it is recorded
Ways to minimise threats to data integrity
Regularly backing up data, Controlling access to data, Design designing interfaces which prevent the input of invalid data, Using error detection, not leaving a computer unattended for anyone to access
Smart wearable fitness and sports device
Device that is worn or attached to a persons body while and used to provide instant feedback on aspects of performance such as distance covered
This makes technology accessible to performers from those taking part in physical recreation to those competing at the elite level
Use of analytics and talent ID/scouting
Used to profile and benchmark the effectiveness of performance pathways
Create solid benchmarks for tests that are ran
Define the requirements needed for different sports
Development of equipment
Adapted facilities for elderly and disabled
Ability, limitations resulting from ageing or disability shouldn’t be a barrier to participation
Wheelchairs must be designed differently for individual sports
3G and 4G surfaces
Benefit- it can be played on more frequently and for longer than natural grass and gives consistent conditions
Negatives- in football, it does not reflect the true bounce of grass. It is too rigid leading to joint or ligament injuries.
Multi games areas. (Mugas)
A specific surface for each sport would be ideal but often too expensive and impractical in terms of space
These areas are made out of artificial grass and are used in the places people play program
Why is technology positive or negative in sport?
Marginal gains
Increased participation and making it more inclusive
Development of adaptive equipment
Increasing the quality of surfaces
Providing meaningful data via GPS systems which can help in the short term
It can be misleading
It can be expensive
It can lead to paralysis by analysis where athletes become too reliant on data
It can have a placebo effect
Game golf
A lightweight GPS tracking device which captures accurate shot locations and calculate club performance during a round of golf
Compression clothing
Item such as elasticated legging socks or shirt to want to promote recovery by improving circulation
Positive impact of improvement of technology on the coach
Video analysis enables an assessment of a player
Helps the coach focus training on certain aspect
It can prove a hindrance if there is over emphasis on performance analysis
Positive and negative impacts of improvement of technology on the audience
Increases the involvement of the spectator and therefore excitement of the audience
It ensured right decision decisions are reached with less frustration and incorrect decisions
It helps officials communicate with one another
Increased accuracy and timing of distance achieved which are quickly communicated to the audience
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