bio 3

Mitochondrial Eve

The most recent common matrilineal ancestor of all modern humans, who lived in Africa approximately 150,000-200,000 years ago.

Melanin

A pigment produced by melanocytes in the skin that determines skin color; more melanin results in darker skin.

Hominidae

The biological family that includes all living and extinct great apes, such as humans, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos.

Homeostasis

The ability of an organism to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment.

Vasoconstriction

The narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow; helps maintain body heat in cold environments.

Vasodilation

The widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow; assists in heat loss during hot conditions.

Chyme

The semi-liquid mixture of partially digested food and digestive juices formed in the stomach.

Digestion

The process of breaking down food into smaller components for absorption.

Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels with thin walls that facilitate the exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues.

Systemic Circuit

The part of the cardiovascular system that circulates blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

Pulmonary Circuit

The part of the cardiovascular system that circulates blood between the heart and the lungs for oxygenation.

Atherosclerosis

A disease characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries, leading to reduced blood flow.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells that carry oxygen in the bloodstream.

Leukocytes

White blood cells involved in the immune response.