Animal Form and Function - Lecture 4

Anatomy

The biological form of an organism

Physiology

How the functions of an organisms are performed

Correlation with Anatomy and Physiology

• example of bees

Analyzing both reveals that form fits function

• Ex: Bees have a large abdomen to carry a lot of pollen + A lot of hair to carry even more pollen

What Limits the Size of an Organism

Because the surface area increases squared, and the volume cubed, organisms can only get so big before their low SA cannot support them

2 Examples of Convergent Evolution in Water

1. Water requires the least drag, so all organisms are very smooth

2. Dark top, Light bottom [Countershading]

   • predators cannot see from above nor from below (sun)

T/F It is always beneficial to have more surface area for more exchange

FALSE

• Solutes may not want to be let in as easily (osmoregulatory, for example)

Function of Muscle Tissue

Movement and Peristalsis (digestive track movements)

How muscle cells perform their function

Contractile Protein Filaments

Skeletal Muscle Tissue Structure + Vol./Invol.

• striated

• multiple nuclei

• cylindrical

• VOLUNTARY

Cardiac Muscle Tissue Structure + Vol./Invol.

• striated

• multiple nuclei

• cylindrical

• INVOLUNTARY

Smooth Muscle Tissue Structure + Vol./Invol.

• 1 nucleus per cell

• not striated

• lines the digestive track, for peristalsis

• INVOLUNTARY

Function of Nervous Tissue

Detect stimuli and sense a reaction to such stimuli

Neurons

Examples of Nervous Tissue,

• Detect a signal through dendrites

• Pass signals to an axon

Glials

Examples of nervous tissue

• Protect, nourish, and insulate neurons

• In multiple sclerosis, these are destroyed

What all Connective Tissue has in Common

The tissue is on the extracellular matrix

6 Types of Connective Tissue

1. Loose

2. Fibrous

3. Bone

4. Adipose

5. Blood

6. Cartilage

Loose Connective Tissue Connections + Other Function

• skin-body connections

• holding organs in place

Fibrous connective tissue Connections

• Tendons (muscle-bone)

• Ligaments (bone-bone)

STRONG!!

Adipose Connective Tissue Functions

• Fat storage, in turn:

  • insulation

  • fuel

  • cushion (protection)

Blood Connective Tissue Location + Function

• Red and White Blood Cells are found in a plasma matrix

• RBC: O2 transfer

• WBC: Immune System

Cartilage Connective Tissue Connections

Flexible Bone-bone

• found as fibers in a protein-carb complex

Epithelial Tissue Functions

• Cover the exterior of organisms

• Line the interior of organs

Epithelial Tissue Structure

Polarized!

• Apical Tissue, the top part

• Basal part, the bottom part

Cuboid Epithelial Tissue Function

Secretion [in the Kidneys]

Columnal Epithelial Tissue Function

Secretion and Absorption [in the Small Intestine]

Squamous Epithelial Tissue Function (Both Types)

• A protective Barrier which can either be simple of stratified

  • Simple: gas exchange [lungs, gills, blood vessels]

  • Stratified: multilayered, for high-traffic friction areas [mouth, oesophagus]

Conformers

Organisms that have their internal conditions change with the exterior environment

Regulators

Organisms that maintain internal conditions under exterior changes

Osmolarity of Marine Animals

Hypoosmotic (less solute!), hence they naturally lose water

How Marine Animals do Osmoregulation

• They drink a lot of water, because salt naturally wants to go in them

• They pump out salt from their gills

• Urine is concentrated

Osmolarity of Freshwater Animals

Hyperosmotic, hence they naturally gain water

How Freshwater Animals do Osmoregulation

• Barely drink any water

• Take in salt through their gills

• Let out dilute urine

Osmoconformer

Organisms that do not voluntary change their osmolarity

• Instead, they are just chill with being isoosmotic with their environment

Osmoregulators

Organisms that actively move ions in/out to regulate their internal osmolarity

• expend energy to do so, the amount of which depending on the env.

• Their adaption is to minimize the [] gradient

Transport Epithelial

Epithelial cells found in osmoregulatory that have have transport proteins to actively move ions in and out