Stone

Diocletian 1

• general that brings order

  • eastern *

  • western

• retire = collapse of system —> civil war

Constantine

• new capital becomes byzantine (east)

• then to byzantine empire that outlasts western Rome by 1,000 years

• falls to ottoman

Gradual germanification

western Rome → German kingdoms that become romanized

Roman Expansion (post 9AD)

• stops expansion

• builds lime Germanicus

  • border defense

  • watch towers

porous = people still crossed

• Frankish founder of Merovingian kingdom

Charles martel

• mayor of merovingian kingdom (assistant)

• drove invaders of Rome back - North Africa & Spain @ Poitiers/tours

Pepin

• Overthrew childeric & became king of Carolingion

• Pope gave blessing

Charlemagne

• crowned emperor of romans xmas day by pope

• 3 grandsons split kingdom

Treaty of Verdun

charlemagne 3 grandsons split Carolingian kingdom

Roman Invasion (1st —> 5th century)

• invaded Britain till early 5th

• German soldiers who were hired turned & invaded Britain = *ANGLO SAXON*

Alfred the Great

• turned Britain into anglo saxon kingdom after invasion

how Scandinavian people were appearing

• raiders

• traiders

• colonists

Normandy

• was western France

• ruled by French duke Rollo

• Nurse-man land

William, Duke of normandy

• led Norman conquer of England

• gave land to barons (chief followers) that spread across with forts (motte & Bailey)

Dooms Day Book

• normans tax system (anglo saxon record were used to make)

Feudal system

1. Church & God

2. King

3. Nobles

4. Knights

5. Everyone else

6. Serfs

Manor

lowest land holder that’s self sustaining

freeman

own land & pay taxes

peasants

don’t own land, but free

serfs

slaves & owned

siege methods

• battering rams

• surround & starve

• assault

• ladders

• siege towers

• stone throwers

• undermining

what became more important that knights

• infantry

• engineers

• artillery

reasons for few knights

expensive & years long of training

• Paige = 7

• squire = 14

• knight = 21

anti knight weapons

• longbows

• crossbows

• pikes

English winning battles

• crecy

• Poitiers

• Agincourt

*by missile troops & long bows*

renaissance army

• pike man

• missle troop

• sword + buckler

• gendarmes

• light cavalry

• artillery

New wealth in late Middle Ages

• merchants

• manufactures

*trade*

Guilds

• early trade unions; oversaw

  • training

  • quality

  • prices

prosperous towns (northern Italy)

• merchant + guilds ran them

• independents

Body Parliament

• lords = wealthy land ownders

• Commons = merchants/guilds

fortifications

• motte & Bailey

• stone castle

new defenses of Italian renaissance

• law

• earth backed

tercio

• originally pike black square *military formation change*

• contains pikeman, sword + buckler man, missile troops

• Spains formation that became used everywhere

Pros & Cons of tercio

Pros:

• the look of it

• Protection of pikes by missiles

• weight (many soldiers)

Cons:

• clumsy

• missed half of fire

Mourice of Nassau

• dutch general & noble that invented new formations - “Dutch System”

Charles I

• launched civil war

  • King of England

Father Martin Luther

• criticized church for indulgences

• nailed copy to door

• translated bible: Latin → German

protestantism

• christianity set in motion by father Martin Luther after he was asked to leave church

• Church = Lutheran

• people were responsible for own souls & read bible themselves

Jean Calvin

• Fleed France

• New branch of Protestantism = Calvinism

Henry VIII

• seized England throne

• Wife had no boys - had affair w/ wife’s friend

• appealed to pope for divorce & denied bc of wife’s relations

• Created Church of England w. Archbishop of Canterbury

Dissolution of the Monasteries

• Henry VIII abolished & sold religious establishments assets

St. Bartholomew of 1572

catholics attempted to remove major leaders of protestant movement w/ one blow

Henry of Navarre

• became Henry VI, then did:

  • converted to catholic

  • issued edict of Nantes

• tried to organize France → modern country

• Policy = Power from Noble → state

Edict of Nantes

by Henry IV that allowed protestants in France to worship (Huguenots)

Cardinal Richelieu

• equivalent of prime minister after Henry VI death

• Ran w/ Queen Medici

Richelieu beliefs

1. kings given role by God = Divine right of kings

2. Absolutism = king at center of everything

Wars of La Fronde

revolt from Mazarin’s policies

Louis XIV

• became king at 10, but then full control after Cardinals death

• assisted by Jean-Baptiste Colbert

• grew up to believe in absolutism

• disliked Paris bc of the revolts

• spent lots of money on: versailles, navy, mistress & huge army

• “The Sun King”

One King, One Law, One religion

• Louis XIV revoked Edict of Nantes

• Thousands of Huguenots were driven away

  • lots were the most talented & best educated of France

Matchlock

• old principle firearm that was replaced by Flintlock muskets

  • limited range = best result is mass ranks (close)

• ignited by burning match cord

Pike

• 16 foot long spear (originally Sarissa → bayonet)

  • original plug bayonet

Hand Grenades

• common in sieges

• first depiction = Works of Mars

Grenades

• rare w/ soliders

• popular on naval ships

• tops = cloth, fur, brass, tin

Grenadiers

• w/o grenades they still remained as elite troops in special missions

Guerilla War

• French + Native Americans vs. English settlers

• French relied on Native Americans (diplomacy w/), colonial troops & militia

• French established forts = edge of territory

7 years war

• George Washington & w. Pennsylvania troops are defeated = sparks war

• Sieges & battles = main part of warfare

  • earthworks - parallels (formation)

Battle of Delta

• Egypt Attacked by sea people

• Pharaoh tricked sea people into delta & ambushed them

Mycenaeans/Minoans

• oversea traders

• small # of illustrations but NO account of naval

Greek Dark Ages

• # of city states rose among sparta & Athens

Athenians major sea power

• Trireme = 3 rows of oars

• fighting: boarding & bronze ram

Battle of Salamis

• Persians defeated by major greek naval tactics

Punic Wars

• Curvus = roman spiked boarding bridge

  • turns naval → land battle

• Battle at Economos = biggest naval battle of ancient world

  • cathanginian defeat

Dromon

• runner

• smaller & faster craft byzantines used to fleet

• greek fire = terror weapon used

New tactic used on naval battles

• fire power

• broadside cannon

  • facing enemy ship broadside & firing in

Nemesis

1st steam warship that battles broadside

La Gloire

wooden-hulled iron-clad battleship

HMS warrior

iron-hulled iron-clad battleship

Franks

Germans that control N. France

Merovech

Franks say its their 1st founder; gives name to the Merovingian kingdom

Clovis

Mythical founder of Frank kingdom

Theodoric

King of Ostrogoths

Vikings

Germanic people of Scandinavia -spread across west and East Europe to trade, rail, and colonize

Normans

French and Viking in west France

Harold

Brief a-s king killed at battle of Hastings

Edward III

King of England that began 100 years war

SEBASTIAN LE PRESTRE DE VAUBAN

• chief military engineer and architect to Louis XIV

• creator of a standard system of siege warfare

THE BAYEUX TAPESTRY

20 inch high, 230-foot long embroiders depict the Norman conquest of England from Norman POV

BALLISTA

giant arrow-shooter, first employed by the Romans

SCHILTRON

• Scottish formation - “hedgehog” tight circle of spearmen

• extremely vulnerable to missile troops unless protected by its own missile

Sap

•Zigzag formation so cannons and missiles would hit first and last

Gabion

Large wicker baskets filled with earth used during sieges

Fascine

Bundle of sticks tied together

Lateen sail

Triangular sail with flexibility