Humanities 2 exam 1

renaissance

a time of cultural rebirth from 1330 to 1530

city state

the fundamental political unit of the Italian peninsula

Signora

council of people and council of commune, 9 administrative members of the government

Cosimo de Medici

a powerful family in Italy, seized control of florantine political life, "better a city ruined than lost"

Petrarch

Tuscan poet, among the earliest and most influential scholars who studied classics of Latin antiquity in the Renaissance

Liberal Arts

grammar, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy, and rhetoric

humanism

curriculum of Latin grammar, rhetoric and metaphysics, essential for educating a good citizen, "art of living", emphasized the study of classical antiquity

Pico de Mirandola

author of "Oration on the Dignity of Man" described individuals as an independent and autonomous being who could make his own moral choices

Machiavelli

separated politics from ethics, saying that rulers should use any means necessary to maintain power and stability, sought to understand why once proud and independent city states became helpless

Baldassare Castiglione

described the ideal courtier (attendant) as someone who was the "universal man", wrote about who the ideal courtier and gentleman was

Leonardo da Vinci

known as a "universal genius", a masterful artist and accomplished scientist, engineer and inventor

Brunelleschi

a pioneering architect and engineer of the Renaissance, worked with architecture in spheres and circles

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Giotto

the first great painter of the Renaissance (lead the transition from Medieval art to Renaissance art)

Donatello

(1386-1466) Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature, sculptor, dramatic

mannerism

used imaginative distortions and a sense of restlessness to offer an unsettling vision in tune with new uncertainties, ignored the rules of Renaissance ideal of attaining classical perfection

Hernando Cortes

opened a new chapter in European expansion, and was determined to conquer Mexico

Francisco Pizarro

led his men in the conquest of the Incan Empire in Peru, spread small pox

Bishop Bartolome de las Casas

spoke out against the ill treatment of the Native Americans

Spanish Armanda

a force of 130 spanish ships that fought with and were destroyed by the english, leading to an increase in the power of England

merchant capital

bills of exchange in place of gold and silver

Spanish inquisition

the original purpose was to enforce the conversion of Islamic Moors and Jews in the late 16th century--didnt end so well...

Charles V

became the holy roman emperor, and demanded extremely high taxes that led to revolt

Phillip II

ruled a vast empire and developed a centralized Bureaucracy, was in rule at the peak of Spain's power

Battle of Leptano

Spain's leadership of a holy league against Turk encroachments resulted in this victory over the turks

cortes

the spanish assembly that limited the authority of the monarchy

Guttenberg

created the innovation of a wooden hand press, used to make Latin Bibles

indulgences

paying money to release a sinner from punishment for his sins

Reformation

a movement for religious reform that began to spread across Europe, starting in Germany leading to the establishments of many protestant denominations

The Northern Renaissance

starting in about 1460 when the Renaissance humanism began to influence Northern Italy

Albrecht Durer

an apprentice to a book engraver

Thomas More

an influential Renaissance humanist and statesman known for his work "Utopia" that describes an ideal society

Erasmus

a Dutch cleric who contributed more than any other person to the Renaissance humanism, determined to infuse the Church with a new moral purity

Martin Luther

believed that faith was valued over works, wrote the "95-thesis"

Edict of Worms

declared Martin Luther an outlaw within the empire and his works were to be burned and luther himself captured and delivered to the emperor

Peasant's revolt

peasants rose up against their lords in parts of the central and southern states demanding the return of rights

Thomas Munzer

(1489-1525) a German Protestant reformer whose radical and revolutionary ideas about God's will to overthrow the ruling classes and his siding with the peasantry got him beheaded. Led a peasant revolt

Protestant

people who followed Martin Luther in the Reformation and "protested" the Church

The Peace of Augsburg

a compromise that stated that the religion of the ruler of each state would be the state's religion

cuis regio, eius religio

Latin for "whose region, his religion"

Huldrych Zwingli

preached salvation through faith alone, iconoclasm, Switzerland

Eucharist

thanksgiving, when the bread and wine are transformed into the Hold Body and Blood of Christ

Ana Baptist

"rebaptism" in Greek, believe that only adults could manifest true faith and be worthy of baptism

John Calvin

embodied the second major current of the Reformation, did not like reconciliation through faith, but through obedience, order and predestination

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Thomas Cromwell

oversaw the dissolution of England's 600 monasteries and the establishment of the Church of England

John Wyclif

English cleric and scholar who also questioned the pope's authority and rejected transubstantiation, translated the Bible into English

Jan Hus

a Czech theologian and reformer who challenged the practices of the Church and was arrested for heresy, and was burned at the stake

Simony

the sale of church offices and roles

counter-reformation

a defense response by the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation, undertook reform

Pope Paul IV

The Pope during the protestant reformation--Pope who created the Index - Books on the list were burned

Index

the list established by Pope Paul IV of forbidden books

Ignatius of Loyola

a leading figure of the Catholic Reformation, formed the Jesuit order

Society of Jesus (Jesuit)

Catholic religious society founded to encourage the renewal of Catholicism through education and preaching, stressed organization, orthodoxy, and discipline

Thresa of Avila

sought to bring order to monasteries, tried to end battles between religious houses

Vincent de Paul

helped restore faith through the poor (missionary)

Carnival

popular festivities that were disapproved of by the Church, largely eradicated in Protestant countries

Witches

rural and poor women accused of entering "a satanic realm of evil"

Baroque

a style of extravagant and irregularly shaped ornamentation

Neo-Classicism

the revival of architectural design dominated by Greek and Roman forms

Bernini

venetian sculptor who best represented the high baroque style, sculpted the ecstasy of St. Theresa

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler, reinforced German particularism (the persistence of small, independent states)

el Greco

a greek artist whose paintings and sculptures helped to define the Spanish reformation

mercenary

a professional soldier hired by a foreign army (the original "free lances")

Borgia

a powerful family during the renaissance, member=Pope Alexander VI, who was known for his political maneuvering and efforts to consolidate power for his family

Savonarola

Dominican monk who established a theocracy in Florence while the French were in Italy, famous for fiery sermons, radical reforms eventually led to his execution

Virtu

the effective use of military, the ends justify the means

Peace of Cambrai

"ladies peace" treaty that was signed in 1529, concluding the war of the Leagu of Cognac

military revolution

a radical change in military strategy and tactics with resulting major changes in government, change in tactics, technology, and organization

conscription

compulsory enlistment of people into armed forces

enclosure

A movement in England during the 1600s and 1700s in which the government took public lands and sold them off to private landowners--contributing to a population shift toward the cities and a rise in agricultural productivity.

Thomas Gresham

influential English financier and merchant, "bad money drives out good"

poor law

passed in 1598, the needy ought to receive some sort of assistance from the community in which they live (justices of the peace)

Shakespeare

A popular English playwright and poet in the 16th century, reflected uncertainty, ambivalence and even disillusionment about contemporary English society

Christopher Marlowe

play write who died in an inn under mysterious circumstances, contemporary of Shakespeare

Defenestration of Prague

The hurling, by Protestants, of Catholic officials from a castle window in Prague, setting off the Thirty Years' War.

Huguenot

a popular name for the French protestants

Francis I

king of france who effectively extended the french monarchy's authority, loved taxes, reduced the authority of the Catholic church

Henry II

successor to Francis I, began a religious repression that created Calvinist martyrs, helped lay the ground for the English common law system

Catherine de Medici

Henry II's wife who, upon his death, dominated her three sons and initiated the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of thousands of Huguenots

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris, more than 2000 protestants killed

estates

The social classes in France, regional assemblies dominated by nobles

Politiques

Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse, tired of bloodshed and advocated for religious toleration

Catholic League

a group that vowed to fight until Protestantism was completely driven from France

Three Henrys

a struggle between Henry (valois) III who allied with Henry (Bourbon) of Navarre against Henry (Duke of Guise) (why...)

Day of Barricades

Henry III failed attempt to rout the French Catholic League with a surprise attack in 1588. The effort failed and the King had to flee Paris. (victory of the people)

Edict of Nantes

Made Catholicism the official religion of France and granted the nation's 2 million protestants religious tolerance

Samuel de Champlain

Founded the colony of Quebec

Richelieu

Expanded the administrative authority and fiscal reach of the crown, dramatically increasing tax revenue

Treaty of Westphalia

established a territorial and religious settlement that lasted until the French Revolution

Wallerstein

a Bohemian noble who, after marrying a wealthy widow became a catholic convert and became a general

Gustavus Adolphus

Swedish Lutheran king who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years' War and lost his life in one of the battles (1594-1632), formed his battle lines thinner and more spread out (arrow shaped)

Montaigne

(1533-1592) The finest representative of early modern skepticism. Created a new genre, the essay. French writer who had met Native Americans brought back from Brazil and disapproved of the deaths of Native Americans

Caravaggio

Baroque artist, known for dramatic lighting, the calling of St. Matthew

Artemisia Gentileschi

the first woman elected to a prestigious florantine academy

Galileo Galilei

an astronomer and physicist who said that the earth revolved around the sun

Ptolemy

the Greek astronomer who published "the Almagest" which summarized the conclusions of astronomers and his own theories and observations

Copernicus

1473-1543. Polish astronomer who was the first to say that the earth was not the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution.

Andreas Vesalius

doubted the Galen view of anatomy, rejected the traditional explanation for the circulation of blood, performed human cadavers, was the first to assemble a human skeleton

Tycho Brahe

danish astronomer with no nose :') who charted the stars and searched for an understanding of the way the universe works