Both have general formula
CₙH₂ₙO
Both have a carbonyl functional group
Lower boiling points/Higher solubility
NO H bonding
position of carbonyl in molecule
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Both have general formula
CₙH₂ₙO
Both have a carbonyl functional group
Lower boiling points/Higher solubility
NO H bonding
position of carbonyl in molecule
carbonyl group attached to at least one hydrogen
usually at end of molecule
carbonyl carbon connected to 2 carbons
middle of molecule
prefix is # of carbons (alkane)
ending goes from -e → -al
no position numbers since carbonyl is always carbon 1
prefix is # of carbons (alkane) + position of the carbonyl
ending goes from -e → -one
if your ketone has two carbonyl groups: name, location, -dione/-trione
controlled oxidation of alcohols
oxidizing agents (oxygen-rich compounds)
represented by [O]
primary alcohol → aldehyde → carboxylic acid
orange → green
secondary alcohol → ketone
orange → green
they do not oxidized
stop the reaction by removing aldehyde from the reaction before it becomes carboxylic acid
leave the aldehyde for prolonged period of time
Use apparatus for reflux (a distillation techinque)
use a suitable reducing agent (NaBrH₄) in an aqueous alcoholic solution or lithium aluminum hydride
in anhydrous conditions
followed by an aqueous acid (carboxylic acid)
both reagents produce the hydride ion, H⁻, which acts as nucleophile on electron-deficient carbonyl carbon
an aldehyde
a primary alcohol
secondary alcohol