A&P exam #3

Chapters 6,7, and 9

What are two layers of integument?

1. Dermis

2. Epidermis

What are the 5 layers of epidermis?

1. Stratum Corneum

2. Stratum Lucidum

3. Stratum Granulosum

4. Stratum Spinosum

5. Startum Basale

What types of cells are found in the layers of the epidermis?

Corneum - Keratinized cells

Lucidum - Cells filled with a translucent protein called eleidin.

Granulosum - Keratinocytes, Epidermal dendritic cells (Langerhans cells)

Spinosum - Polygonal keratinocytes, Langerhans cells

Basale - Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Tactile cells (Merkel cells)

What is keratinization?

Where keratinocytes fill up with keratin

What are the differences between thick and thin skin?

Thick skin:

• Containts all 5 layers of epidermal strata

• Sweat glands but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands

Thin skin:

• No stratum lucidum

• have hair follicles and sebaceous glands

What are the 2 different types of melanin and what do each provide?

Eumelanin - provides brown and black shades

Pheomelanin - provides lighter shades: tan, yellow, red

What are the 2 layers of dermis and what are they made up of?

Superficial Papillary layer: composed of areolar connective tissue.

Deeper Reticular layers: composed of dense irregular connective tissue with collagen fibers.

What are the functions of the skin?

• Protection

• Prevention of water loss

• Secretion

• Sensory reception

• Absoption

• Temperature regulation

What cells are the subcutaneous layer made up of?

layer of areolar and adipose connective tissue

What influences the thickness and distribution of adipose tissues in subcutaneous layer?

s3x hormones

What are 3 zones of hair and their components?

1. Hair bulb

2. Root

3. Shaft

COMPONENTS:

• Hair matrix

• Medulla

• Cortex

• Cuticle

• Hair follicle

• Arrector pili

What are the functions of hair?

• Protection

• Heat retention

• Sensory reception

• Visual identification

Exocrine Glands

sweat glands and sebaceous glands

What are the 2 types of sweat glands?

• Merocrine

• Apocrine

What are sebaceous glands?

Holocrine glands that produce oily secretion called sebum. Acts as a lubricant for skin and hair.

What are ceruminous glands?

Modified apocrine sweat glands that are only in the external ear canal and secrete waterproof earwax

What are mammary glands?

Modified apocrine sweat glands of breasts. Produce breast milk.

What are different types of bones and cartilages?

Bones:

• Compact bone

• Spongey bone

Cartilage:

• Hyaline cartilage

• Fibrocartilage

What are 4 different types of bones by shape with examples?

• Long bones ; ex. femur, humerus

• Short bones ; ex. carpals, tarsals

• Flat bones ; ex. cranial bones

• Irregular bones ; ex. vertebrae

What is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow?

Red bone marrow:

• Hematopoietic (myeloid tissue)

In adults; located in: skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum

What are 4 types of cells in bone and how are they formed?

• Osteoprogenitor: derived from mesenchyme

• Osteoblasts: form from osteoprogenitor stem cells

• Osteocytes: mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts

• Osteoclasts: derived from fused bone marrow cells like monocytes

What is the microscopic anatomy of compact bone?

• composed of small cylindrical structures (osteons)

What are the steps of intramembranous ossification?

• Ossification centers form within thickened regions of

  mesenchyme beginning at the eighth week of

  development

• Osteoid undergoes calcification

• Woven bone and surrounding periosteum form

• Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, as compact bone and spongy bone form

What are the 5 steps of bone growth?

• Zone of resting cartilage

• Zone of proliferating cartilage

• Zone of hypertrophic cartilage

• Zone of calcified cartilage

• Zone of ossification

WHat are the effects of these things?

Growth hormone: