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25 Terms

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DNA Sequencing

The process of determining the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.

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Human Genome Project

A research project that aimed to map and understand the human genome.

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Amino Acids

The building blocks of proteins.

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Genetic Code

The set of rules by which information in DNA is translated into proteins.

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Gene Expression

The process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product.

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Transcription

The process of synthesizing mRNA from a DNA template.

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Messenger RNA (mRNA)

The type of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.

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Transfer RNA (tRNA)

The type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

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Translation

The process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA.

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Codon

A sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid or signals the end of protein synthesis.

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RNA Polymerase

An enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template during transcription.

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Promoter

A specific sequence of DNA that initiates transcription.

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Anticodon

A sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that is complementary to a codon on mRNA.

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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

The type of RNA that forms part of the ribosome and facilitates protein synthesis.

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Genomics

The study of entire genomes, including genes and non-coding sequences.

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Proteomics

The study of the structure and function of proteins.

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Mutation

A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

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Somatic Cell Mutation

A mutation occurring in a body cell, not passed on to offspring.

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Germline Mutation

A mutation occurring in the cells that give rise to gametes and can be passed to offspring.

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Point Mutation

A mutation involving a change in a single nucleotide.

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Silent Mutation

A mutation that does not result in a change to the amino acid sequence of a protein.

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Mis-sense Mutation

A mutation that changes one amino acid in a protein sequence.

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Nonsense Mutation

A mutation that results in an early stop codon, leading to premature termination of protein synthesis.

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Frameshift Mutation

A mutation caused by the insertion or deletion of nucleotides, shifting the reading frame.

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Mutagen

An agent that causes mutations.