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DNA Sequencing
The process of determining the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.
Human Genome Project
A research project that aimed to map and understand the human genome.
Amino Acids
The building blocks of proteins.
Genetic Code
The set of rules by which information in DNA is translated into proteins.
Gene Expression
The process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product.
Transcription
The process of synthesizing mRNA from a DNA template.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
The type of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
The type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
Translation
The process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA.
Codon
A sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid or signals the end of protein synthesis.
RNA Polymerase
An enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template during transcription.
Promoter
A specific sequence of DNA that initiates transcription.
Anticodon
A sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that is complementary to a codon on mRNA.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
The type of RNA that forms part of the ribosome and facilitates protein synthesis.
Genomics
The study of entire genomes, including genes and non-coding sequences.
Proteomics
The study of the structure and function of proteins.
Mutation
A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
Somatic Cell Mutation
A mutation occurring in a body cell, not passed on to offspring.
Germline Mutation
A mutation occurring in the cells that give rise to gametes and can be passed to offspring.
Point Mutation
A mutation involving a change in a single nucleotide.
Silent Mutation
A mutation that does not result in a change to the amino acid sequence of a protein.
Mis-sense Mutation
A mutation that changes one amino acid in a protein sequence.
Nonsense Mutation
A mutation that results in an early stop codon, leading to premature termination of protein synthesis.
Frameshift Mutation
A mutation caused by the insertion or deletion of nucleotides, shifting the reading frame.
Mutagen
An agent that causes mutations.