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  1. DNA Sequencing:

    • Definition: The process of determining the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.

  2. Human Genome Project:

    • Definition: A research project that aimed to map and understand the human genome.

  3. Amino Acids:

    • Definition: The building blocks of proteins.

  4. Genetic Code:

    • Definition: The set of rules by which information in DNA is translated into proteins.

  5. Gene Expression:

    • Definition: The process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product.

  6. Transcription:

    • Definition: The process of synthesizing mRNA from a DNA template.

  7. Messenger RNA (mRNA):

    • Definition: The type of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.

  8. Transfer RNA (tRNA):

    • Definition: The type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

  9. Translation:

    • Definition: The process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA.

  10. Codon:

    • Definition: A sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid or signals the end of protein synthesis.

  11. RNA Polymerase:

    • Definition: An enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template during transcription.

  12. Promoter:

    • Definition: A specific sequence of DNA that initiates transcription.

  13. Anticodon:

    • Definition: A sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that is complementary to a codon on mRNA.

  14. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA):

    • Definition: The type of RNA that forms part of the ribosome and facilitates protein synthesis.

  15. Genomics:

    • Definition: The study of entire genomes, including genes and non-coding sequences.

  16. Proteomics:

    • Definition: The study of the structure and function of proteins.

  17. Mutation:

    • Definition: A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

  18. Somatic Cell Mutation:

    • Definition: A mutation occurring in a body cell, not passed on to offspring.

  19. Germline Mutation:

    • Definition: A mutation occurring in the cells that give rise to gametes and can be passed to offspring.

  20. Point Mutation:

    • Definition: A mutation involving a change in a single nucleotide.

  21. Silent Mutation:

    • Definition: A mutation that does not result in a change to the amino acid sequence of a protein.

  22. Mis-sense Mutation:

    • Definition: A mutation that changes one amino acid in a protein sequence.

  23. Nonsense Mutation:

    • Definition: A mutation that results in an early stop codon, leading to premature termination of protein synthesis.

  24. Frameshift Mutation:

    • Definition: A mutation caused by the insertion or deletion of nucleotides, shifting the reading frame.

  25. Mutagen:

    • Definition: An agent that causes mutations.