CHAT GPT flashcard set

What is the main conflict in Erikson’s second stage of development?

The main conflict in Erikson's second stage of development, termed Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, involves toddlers striving for independence and self-control while facing potential feelings of shame and doubt from caregivers.

What is self-understanding in early childhood?

The child’s cognitive representation of self, including self-conceptions.

What are Piaget’s two stages of moral development?

Heteronomous morality (rules are unchangeable) and autonomous morality (rules are created by people and can be changed).

What is the core idea of Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory?

Cognitive development is influenced by social interactions and cultural tools, emphasizing the role of language and guided learning.

What is the Zone of Proximal Development?

The gap between what a child can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance.

What is gender schema theory?

The theory that children develop gender-based categories to interpret the world.

What are the four types of parenting styles?

Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, and Neglectful.

What part of the brain develops significantly in middle childhood?

The prefrontal cortex, improving cognitive control.

What are the key abilities in the Concrete Operational Stage?

Seriation (ordering objects) and Transitivity (understanding logical relationships).

Name three common learning disabilities.

Dyslexia (reading), Dysgraphia (writing), and Dyscalculia (math).

What are the main symptoms of ADHD?

Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

What are the three types of intelligence in Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory?

Analytical, Creative, and Practical Intelligence.

Name four of Gardner’s intelligences.

Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, Spatial, and Bodily-Kinesthetic.

What is the IQ formula and normal distribution in intelligence testing?

IQ = (Mental Age ÷ Chronological Age) × 100; Most scores fall within a bell-shaped curve.

What is the difference between an IEP and a 504 Plan?

An IEP is for special education services; a 504 Plan provides accommodations in a regular classroom.

What marks the beginning of puberty?

Hormonal changes leading to sexual maturation.

Why do adolescents struggle with impulse control?

The prefrontal cortex develops slower than the limbic system.

What are two aspects of adolescent egocentrism?

Imaginary audience (believing everyone is watching) and Personal fable (feeling unique and invincible).

What is the crisis in adolescence according to Erikson?

Identity vs. Role Confusion – forming a personal identity.

What are Marcia’s four identity statuses?

Identity Diffusion, Foreclosure, Moratorium, and Achievement.

Name the three levels of moral development according to Kohlberg and their sub-stages.

Preconventional (based on consequences), Conventional (based on social approval), and Postconventional (based on justice principles).

What is Bandura’s Social Learning Theory?

Behavior is learned through observation, imitation, and modeling.

How does Carol Gilligan’s theory differ from Kohlberg’s?

Gilligan focused on the ethics of care, noting gender differences in moral development.

What is postformal thought?

Thinking that is more flexible, realistic, and dialectical than formal operational thought.

How does creativity change in early adulthood?

It peaks but varies by field.

What is the impact of work on adulthood?

It defines financial stability, identity, and stress levels.

What is the key crisis of early adulthood?

Intimacy vs. Isolation – forming close relationships or feeling isolated.

What are the three components of love according to Sternberg?

Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment.

Name one principle for a successful marriage according to Gottman.

Establishing love maps – understanding your partner’s world.

What are the key components of Levinson’s theory?

Life is structured in seasons, requiring adaptation during transitions.