CHAT GPT flashcard set

Chapter 6: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood

1. Erikson’s Initiative vs. Guilt Stage
Q: What is the main conflict in Erikson’s second stage of development?
A: Initiative vs. Guilt – children develop a sense of purpose but may experience guilt if they fail.

2. Self-Understanding
Q: What is self-understanding in early childhood?
A: The child’s cognitive representation of self, including self-conceptions.

3. Moral Development - Piaget
Q: What are Piaget’s two stages of moral development?
A: Heteronomous morality (rules are unchangeable) and autonomous morality (rules are created by people and can be changed).

4. Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Q: What is the core idea of Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory?
A: Cognitive development is influenced by social interactions and cultural tools, emphasizing the role of language and guided learning.

5. Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Q: What is the Zone of Proximal Development?
A: The gap between what a child can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance.

6. Gender Schema Theory
Q: What is gender schema theory?
A: The theory that children develop gender-based categories to interpret the world.

7. Baumrind’s Parenting Styles
Q: What are the four types of parenting styles?
A: Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, and Neglectful.

Chapter 7: Physical & Cognitive Development in Middle & Late Childhood

8. Brain Development
Q: What part of the brain develops significantly in middle childhood?
A: The prefrontal cortex, improving cognitive control.

9. Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage
Q: What are the key abilities in the Concrete Operational Stage?
A:

• Seriation: Ordering objects by size, number, or another characteristic.

• Transitivity: Understanding logical relationships between objects (e.g., If A is taller than B, and B is taller than C, then A is taller than C).

10. Learning Disabilities
Q: Name three common learning disabilities.
A: Dyslexia (reading), Dysgraphia (writing), and Dyscalculia (math).

11. ADHD
Q: What are the main symptoms of ADHD?
A: Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Chapter 8: Intelligence & Academic Achievement

12. Intelligence Theories - Sternberg
Q: What are the three types of intelligence in Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory?
A: Analytical, Creative, and Practical Intelligence.

13. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Q: Name four of Gardner’s intelligences.
A: Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, Spatial, and Bodily-Kinesthetic.

14. Binet’s IQ Test & Normal Distribution
Q: What is the IQ formula and normal distribution in intelligence testing?
A: IQ = (Mental Age ÷ Chronological Age) × 100; Most scores fall within a bell-shaped curve with fewer extreme high or low scores.

15. IEPs & 504 Plans
Q: What is the difference between an IEP and a 504 Plan?
A: An IEP (Individualized Education Program) is for students needing special education services, while a 504 Plan provides accommodations in a regular classroom.

Chapter 9: Physical & Cognitive Development in Adolescence

16. Puberty
Q: What marks the beginning of puberty?
A: Hormonal changes leading to sexual maturation.

17. Adolescent Brain Development
Q: Why do adolescents struggle with impulse control?
A: The prefrontal cortex develops slower than the limbic system.

18. Adolescent Egocentrism
Q: What are two aspects of adolescent egocentrism?
A:

• Imaginary audience: Believing everyone is watching them.

• Personal fable: Believing they are unique and invincible.

Chapter 10: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence

19. Erikson’s Identity vs. Role Confusion
Q: What is the crisis in adolescence according to Erikson?
A: Identity vs. Role Confusion – forming a personal identity.

20. Marcia’s Identity Statuses
Q: What are Marcia’s four identity statuses?
A: Identity Diffusion, Foreclosure, Moratorium, and Achievement.

21. Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Development
Q: Name the three levels of moral development according to Kohlberg and their sub-stages.
A:

• Preconventional Level: Morality based on consequences (punishment/reward).

• Conventional Level: Morality based on social approval and law/order.

• Postconventional Level: Morality based on abstract principles of justice.

22. Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
Q: What is Bandura’s Social Learning Theory?
A: Behavior is learned through observation, imitation, and modeling, influenced by reinforcement and self-efficacy.

23. Gilligan’s Ethics of Care
Q: How does Carol Gilligan’s theory differ from Kohlberg’s?
A: Gilligan argued that moral development differs by gender. Men focus on justice, while women emphasize care and relationships.

Chapter 11: Physical & Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood

24. Postformal Thought
Q: What is postformal thought?
A: Thinking that is more flexible, realistic, and dialectical than formal operational thought.

25. Creativity in Early Adulthood
Q: How does creativity change in early adulthood?
A: It peaks in early adulthood but varies by field.

26. Careers & Work
Q: What is the impact of work on adulthood?
A: It defines financial stability, identity, and stress levels.

Chapter 12: Socioemotional Development in Early Adulthood

27. Erikson’s Intimacy vs. Isolation
Q: What is the key crisis of early adulthood?
A: Intimacy vs. Isolation – forming close relationships or feeling isolated.

28. Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love
Q: What are the three components of love?
A: Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment.

29. Gottman’s Principles for a Successful Marriage
Q: Name one principle for a successful marriage.
A: Establishing love maps – understanding your partner’s world.

30. Levinson’s Seasons of Life Theory
Q: What are the key components of Levinson’s theory?
A: Life is structured in seasons, with transitions between stages requiring adaptation.