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Tyranny of the Majority
The potential of a majority to oppress or marginalize the minority, leading to the restriction of their rights and freedoms
Sons of Liberty
A group of merchants formed in New York City, advocating for greater political influence and opposing British rule, particularly in response to the Sugar Act of 1765
Federalist Papers
A series of 85 essays published between October 1787 and August 1788, providing background and justification for the protection of minority rights in the United States
Minority Rights
Protections for those that are not in the majority, ensuring their rights are upheld despite being outnumbered
First Amendment
The amendment to the United States Constitution that protects the right to freedom of religion, including the right not to practice a religion
Coercive Acts
A series of acts passed by the British Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party, intended to punish Massachusetts and deny Bostonians the right to govern themselves
Intolerable Acts
A term used by the colonists to refer to the Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act, which were seen as oppressive and aimed at suppressing colonial rights
Second Continental Congress
The assembly of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that met in 1775, leading to the funding of a continental army and the declaration of independence from Britain
Magna Carta
A document that placed limitations on the English monarch's powers, including the requirement for consent of councilmen for tax levying, the right to trial by jury, and the principle that the king himself was under the law
English Bill of Rights
A document from 1688 that required freedom of speech in parliamentary proceedings, prohibited excessive bail and fines, and cruel and unusual punishments, serving as the basis for some of the amendments in the Bill of Rights
John Locke's Two Treatises of Government
Stated citizens could overthrow an unjust government and declared universal rights of man to life, liberty, and property, influencing the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.
Declaration of Independence
Declared universal rights of man to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, but omitted key groups such as blacks, poor white men, and women.
Articles of Confederation
First constitution of the United States, facing challenges like serious inflation, postwar settlements, and administration of Western lands.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Set principles for surveying the frontier, allowed territorial self-government, and banned slaves from certain territories.
Shays' Rebellion
Armed uprising in Massachusetts led by Daniel Shays, protesting foreclosures and tax auctions, revealing weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.
Daniel Shay
Revolutionary war hero who led Shays' Rebellion in an attempt to shut down courts and prevent foreclosures.
Acquittal of Daniel Shay
After Shays' Rebellion, he was acquitted by the Massachusetts legislature, highlighting the political aftermath of the rebellion.
Weaknesses of Articles of Confederation
Vulnerability to rule by mob, as shown in Shays' Rebellion, emphasizing the document's inadequacies.
Challenge in raising an army under Articles of Confederation
Congress could not draft troops, relying on states for forces.
Lack of trade regulation in Articles of Confederation
The document lacked a provision to regulate interstate trade, posing challenges for the new nation.
Mount Vernon Meeting
Meeting at George Washington's home in 1785 to discuss interstate use of the Potomac River, leading to a larger gathering.
Philadelphia Convention
1787 convention where delegates deliberated to repair weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation.
Virginia Plan
Proposed bicameral legislature with proportional representation, reflecting early government structure proposals.
New Jersey Plan
Suggested unicameral legislature with each state having one vote, similar to the Articles of Confederation.
Connecticut Compromise
Proposed equal state vote in the Senate and proportional representation in the House of Representatives, addressing representation issues.
Three-Fifths Compromise
Stipulated every five slaves counted as three persons for representation, influencing the political power of the South.
Federalists
Constitution supporters who addressed fears of centralized authority by promoting a balanced relationship between state and national governments.
AntiFederalists
Opponents of the Constitution concerned about the balance of power between state and national governments.
AntiFederalists
Opponents of the Constitution who feared the imbalance of power between state and national governments, centralized concentration of power, and the influence of wealthy individuals and interest groups. They argued for the importance of local governments in addressing local needs.
Publius
Pen name used by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay to write the Federalist Papers, comprising 85 essays defending the Constitution as a document guarding Republican virtue and minority rights against majority tyranny.
Federalist Papers
A series of 85 essays defending the Constitution as the document that would guard Republican virtue, defend minority rights against majority tyranny, and prevent a stubborn minority from blocking measures necessary for national interests.
Bill of Rights
A set of amendments to the Constitution requested by Virginia, New York, and Massachusetts during the ratification process to protect individual rights and limit the power of the government.
Supreme law of the land
All acts and treaties of the national government became the supreme law of the land, replacing the previous system where each state could act independently in matters of diplomacy and trade.
Regulate trade between states
Under the Constitution, Congress had the right to regulate trade between the states, addressing the lack of provision for regulating interstate trade under the Articles of Confederation.
Levy taxes
Under the Constitution, Congress had the right to levy taxes on individuals, replacing the previous system where Congress could only request states to pay taxes under the Articles of Confederation.
State legislatures
Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress could not draft troops and was dependent on states to contribute forces if they wanted to raise an army, highlighting the decentralized nature of military authority under this system.
Article V of the Constitution
Describes the process for amending the Constitution, requiring a supermajority vote in both chambers of Congress and the consent of 3/4 of the states, emphasizing the deliberate and challenging nature of amending the Constitution.
Suffrage
In the United States, suffrage refers to the right to vote, a fundamental aspect of democratic participation and political decision-making.