Intro to Neo/Peds

What causes profound cyanosis in Right-to-Left shunts?

Blood shunting from the right side of the heart to the left side, often due to congenital defects.

What are the four defects in Tetralogy of Fallot?

Ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, pulmonary artery stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy.

What is the characteristic appearance of the heart in a chest x-ray for Tetralogy of Fallot?

The heart shadow appears like a boot.

What is the first-line treatment for Transposition of the Great Vessels (TGV)?

Administer prostaglandin E1 to keep the ductus arteriosus open.

What is coarctation of the aorta?

A severe narrowing of the aortic lumen resulting in decreased blood flow.

What type of shunt occurs with preductal coarctation?

Right-to-left shunt.

What is Truncus Arteriosus?

A condition where a single common vessel exits the heart, supplying both systemic and pulmonary circulation.

What is the treatment for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome?

Prostaglandin E1 to keep ductus open, hypercarbic gas mixtures, and complex surgical repair.

What is the clinical significance of Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR)?

Pulmonary veins fail to connect to the left atrium, requiring an ASD for survival.

What characterizes Atrial Septal Defects (ASD)?

Failure of the foramen ovale to close, allowing blood to flow from the left atrium to the right atrium.

What is the main risk associated with a Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?

Blood shunting from the aorta into the pulmonary circulation when left heart pressures exceed right heart pressures.

What does AVSD stand for?

Atrioventricular Septal Defect, also known as complete atrioventricular canal.

How can you identify Dextrocardia?

It can be detected through routine imaging like chest x-rays or echocardiograms.

What does ETCO2 measure?

End-tidal carbon dioxide, measuring efficacy of ventilation and perfusion.

What is the main goal of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)?

To support organ function in patients with respiratory or cardiorespiratory failure.

What does the oxygenation delivery of Heliox consist of?

It is a mixture of helium and oxygen, often 80% He and 20% O2.

What are the three types of shunts present at birth?

Foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, and ductus venosus.

What is the significance of the Lecithin/Sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio?

It predicts fetal lung maturity, with a ratio of 2:1 indicating maturity.