Shancy Samantaray CHAPTER 3: Histology

What is Histology?

Study of tissues

What is cell differentiation?

is the developmental process that results in the formation of different types of cells

What are the four types of tissue in the body?

connective, nerve, epithelial, muscle

What are the three general characteristics of epithelial tissue?

adhere more closely to one another, avascular, lining of the body surface and cavities.

What does avascular mean?

without blood vessels

What are the three way epithelial tissue are classified?

Squamous, Cuboidal, columnar

What are simple cells?

Single layered

What are stratified cells?

2 or more layers (multiple layers)

How do squamous cells look?

Flat

How do cuboidal cells look?

Blocks

How do columnar cells look?

Tall and skinny

What are three types of cellular modifications?

Cillia, microvilli, goblet cells(mucus secreting)

What type of cells do you find cellular modifications on?

Columnar epithelial cells

What are cilia?

Fine hair like structures that help in transportation and moving substances along.

What are microvilli?

Foldings in the cell membrane to increase its surface area.

What are goblet cells?

Mucus secreting columnar cells

Where do you find squamous epithelial cells?

alveoli (air sacs of lungs), lining of blood vessels, Membranes

Where do you find simple cuboidal cells?

urinary tubules of the kidney; liver pancreas; thyroid and other glands.

What does Aden/o mean?

Gland; Adrenal

Where do you find simple columnar ciliated epithelial cells?

womens fallopian tubes.

What do cilia on the fallopian tube do?

carry eggs from ovary to uterus

Where do you find simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells?

lining the stomach to neutralize stomach acid,

What do goblet cells in the stomach do?

neutralize stomach acid.

Where do you find simple columnar brush-border epithelium with goblet cells ?

lining of the intestine

where do you find pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells ?

lining of the respiratory tract

What does pseudo mean?

false

What does pseudostratified mean?

false layers

What does cilia on respiratory tract do?

catch dust

Where do you find transitional epithelium?

lining of urinary bladder

Why is it called transitional epithelium?

becomes stretched as the urinary bladder is filled with urine .

What does lumen mean?

hole that blood flows through

What are 2 subtypes of stratified squamous epitheilum?

Non keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium and keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium

What is keratin?

hardening protein,

Where do you find keratin?

hair, skin, nails

What are non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium?

no dead layers of cells

Where do you find non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium?

lining of vaginal cavity, oral cavitym anal cavity

What is keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium?

dead layers of cell

Where do you find the keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium?

Epidermals of skin

What do all cells need to be surrounded by?

Fluid

What is the function of connective tissue?

generally function to connect and support the other tissues of the body

How are connective tissue classified?

based on type of cell and type on intracellular matter.

What is areolar loose connective tissue?

Type of connective tissue

What are fibroblasts?

fibroblast as principle cell which secrets collagen and elastin.

What are macrophages?

WBC’s that eat foreign cells.

What are mast cells?

cell present in loose connective tissue that secrete histamine as a mediator for inflammation

What is inflammation?

an injury that swells, turns red and hurts.

What does erythema mean?

Redness

What is edema?

swelling

What are two proteins secreted by fibroblasts?

collagen and elastin

What is collagen?

protein secreted by fibroblast

What is elastin?

protein

What is adipose tissue?

A type of connective tissue that has packed fat cells

What is the function of adipose tissue?

adipose tissue provides a reserve of food, insulates against heat lose, supports and protects organs it encloses.

What are three common locations of adipose tissue?

Skin (subcutaneous fat) , kidneys and eyeballs, buttocks and breasts.

What are 2 subtypes of dense fibrous connective tissue?

regularly arranged dense fibrous connective tissue and irregularly arranged dense fibrous connective tissue

What are five places where regularly arranged dense fibrous connective tissue is common?

tendons, Ligaments, dura mater, fascia, perichondrium and periosteum

What does peri mean ?

around

How do regularly arranged dense fibrous connective tissue look?

arranged in parallel bundles

How do irregularly arranged dense fibrous connective tissue look?

protein fibers are interwoven, running in all directions.

What is special about cartilage tissue, unlike other connective tissue?

cartilage tissue is avascular (no blood cells)

What are three subtypes of cartilage?

Hyaline Cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Elastic Cartilage

What are 4 locations where hyaline cartilage is found?

The embryonic long bone of the body, the front of the nose, the trachea and larynx, surface of articulating bones ( where two bones meet).

Where is fibrocartilage found?

in intervertebral disks

Where is elastic cartilage found?

in external ear (pinna)

What are osteocytes?

bone-cells

What does a compact bone look like?

osteocytes are arranged in concentric circles

What does spongy bone look like?

arranged in a spongy network

What are osteoblasts?

osteocytes that secrete calcium mineral

What are osteoclasts?

osteocytes that break down calcium mineral

What is resorption?

breaking down (of bone tissue)

What is ossification?

forming (of bone tissue)

What are haversian systems?

arrangement of concentric circles mostly in compact bone

What is a diaphysis?

the shaft of the bone

What is an epiphysis?

end of the bone

What is in the medullary cavity?

marrow

What is hemopoiesis?

blood creating

What is hemopoietic tissue?

blood and lymph

What are erythrocytes?

red blood cells

What are leukocytes?

white blood cellsth

What are platelets?

thrombocytes that produce thromboplastin

What is thromboplastin?

trigger blood clotting

What are neoplasms?

tumors

What are benign tumors?

increase multiplication of tissue cells (mitotic)

What are malignant tumors?

cancerous cells.