Comparative Anatomy of Cardiovascular system

Pointed and wide portion of the heart

• Pointed: Apex

• Wide: Base

Heart

Hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body

Right atrioventricular valve

Tricuspid valve

Left atrioventricular valve

Bicuspid/Mitral valve

Chambers of the heart

• Right atrium (smallest)

• Right ventricle (2nd largest)

• Left atrium (3rd largest)

• Left ventricle (largest)

Major vessels connected to cardiac chambers

• Vena cava = Right atrium

• Pulmonary artery = Right ventricle

• Pulmonary vein = Left atrium

• Aorta = Left ventricle

AV valves

Cardiac valves between atrium and ventricleTricuspid and Bicuspid

Semilunar valves

• Pulmonic valve (between RV and Pulmonary artery)

• Aortic valve (between LV and Aorta)

Layers of heart

• Epicardium

• Myocardium

• Endocardium

Fibroconnective tissue covering of the heart

Pericardium

Branches of aorta

• Brachiocephalic trunk

  • Left common carotid

  • Right subclavian

  • Right common carotid

• Thoracic aorta

  • Ascending aorta

  • Aortic arch

  • Descending aorta

• Abdominal aorta

  • Phrenic

  • Coeliac

  • Cranial (superior) mesenteric

  • Renal

  • Gonadal (testicular or ovarian)

  • Caudal (inferior) mesenteric

  • Common iliac

Type of blood vessels and descriptions

• Artery & Arterioles = Carry oxygenated blood away from heart

• Veins & Venules = Carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart; with valves

• Capillaries = Between arterioles & venules; site of exchange

Morphology of blood cells and descriptions

• Erythrocytes/RBC = Biconcave disc with hemoglobin

• Leukocytes/WBC 

  • Granulocytes = With granules 

    • Neutrophil = Hyper-segmented/multi-lobed nucleus 

    • Eosinophil = Bilobed nucleus

    • Basophil = Unilobed/Bilobed nucleus

  • Agranulocytes = Without granules

    • Monocyte = Bean-shaped nucleus

    • Lymphocyte = Rounded nucleus

T cells and B cells

• T cells = Directly kill infected cells (Cytotoxic) ; Send signals (Helper)

• B cells = Produce antibodies

Antibodies and major classes

Produced by B cells, proteins that bind to antigens to signal the immune response

• IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE

Mast cells

Type of WBC found in tissue; releases histamine to fight pathogens

Types of macrophages

Mobile, Resident/Fixed, Epitheliod

Types of resident macrophages

• Intestine = Payer’s patches

• Skin = Histiocytes

• Brain =Microglia

• Lungs = Alveolar macrophages

• Liver = von Kupffer cells

• Kidney = Mesangial cells

Epithelioid macrophages 

Less phagocytic macrophages and capable of eventual fusion to form multi-nucleated giant cells

Multinucleated giant cells

Touton, Foreign body, Langhans

Platelets and megakaryocytes

Platelets are fragments/remnants of bone marrow megakaryocytes; Forms platelet plug to arrest bleeding

Developmental stages of red blood cells

• Pro-erythroblast

•  Basophilic erythroblast

• Polychromatophilic erythroblast

• Orthrochromatophilic erythroblast

• Reticulocyte

• Mature RBC

Plasma vs serum

• Plasma = Fluid portion of the blood; Contains clotting factors

• Serum = Does not contain clotting factors

Regenerative anemia

Increase in number of reticulocytes after blood loss if bone marrow is heathy

Clotting factors

• Fibrinogen

• Prothrombin

• Tissue thromboplastin

• Calcium

• Proaccelerin

• Proconvertin

• Antihemophilic globulin

• Christmas factor

• Stuart power factor

• Plasma thromboplastin antecedent

• Hageman factor

• Fibrin stabilizing factor

Branches of (common) iliac artery

• Internal iliac artery

• External iliac artery

  • Femoral artery

  • Saphenous artery

  • Tibial artery

  • Digital artery

Branches of (common) carotid arteries

• External carotid

• Internal carotid

• Thyroid

• Pharyngeal

• Lingual

• Occipital

Branches of abdominal aorta

• Phrenic

• Coeliac artery

  • Gastric, Hepatic, Splenic

• Cranial mesenteric artery

• Renal artery 

• (Gonadal) Testicular/ovarian artery

• Caudal mesenteric artery

• Common iliac artery

  • Internal iliac artery

  • External iliac artery

    • Femoral artery

    • Saphenous artery

    • Tibial artery

    • Digital artery

Branches of Brachiocephalic trunk

• Left common carotid

• Right subclavian

• Right common carotid

Auricles

Ear-like appendages on the left and right atrium

Coronary sinuses

Passageway of deoxygenated blood from coronary veins

Fibrous and serous pericardium

• Fibrous = Outer layer

• Serous = Inner layer