IB BIO C3-C4- 3/2/25

Integration of Body Systems

Ensure all systems (nervous, endocrine, etc.) work together harmoniously to support physiological processes.

Cardiovascular System

Comprises the heart, blood vessels, and blood that transport materials in the body.

Hierarchy of Biological Organisation

Levels from cells to tissues, organs, and systems.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Composed of the brain and spinal cord, controlling and coordinating body systems.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Links the CNS to the body's organs.

Somatic Nervous System

Manages voluntary movements.

Autonomic Nervous System

Regulates involuntary activities like heartbeat and breathing.

Endocrine System

Processes information using hormones secreted into the bloodstream.

Cerebellum

Coordinates muscle movements and maintains posture.

Cerebrum

Responsible for higher brain functions such as thought and memory.

Brain Stem

Controls basic life functions such as breathing and heartbeat.

Pain Reflex Arc Structure

Consists of sensory nerve, interneuron, and motor nerve for quick reflexes.

Nociceptors

Nerve endings that respond to potentially damaging stimuli, acting as pain receptors.

Melatonin

Regulates sleep-wake cycles.

Epinephrine Effects

Prepares the body for 'fight or flight' response.

Innate Immune System

Immediate and non-specific defense against pathogens.

Adaptive Immune System

Slow but specific defense against pathogens.

Phagocytes

Cells that engulf and destroy pathogens.

Lymphocytes

B-cells produce antibodies; T-cells help activate B-cells.

Memory Cells

Provide long-term immunity by remembering past infections.

Antibiotics

Medications used to treat bacterial infections.

Herd Immunity

Achieved when a significant portion of the population becomes immune.

Population Definition

Group of individuals of the same species in a given area.

Random Sampling Importance

Reduces bias in ecological studies.

Carrying Capacity

Limit on population growth based on available resources.

Exponential Growth Model

Pattern of population growth under ideal conditions, shown as a J-shaped curve.

Sigmoidal Growth Model

Pattern of population growth in environments with limited resources, shown as an S-shaped curve.

Intraspecific Competition

Competition among individuals of the same species for limited resources.

Top-Down Control

Regulation of a population by predation or other higher trophic level factors.

Bottom-Up Control

Regulation of a population by factors originating from lower trophic levels.

Ecosystem as Open Systems

Interact with surroundings for energy and matter exchange.

Autotrophic Nutrition

Organisms that make their own food.

Heterotrophic Nutrition

Organisms that consume other organisms for energy.

Energy Pyramid

Visual representation showing the flow of energy through trophic levels.

Carbon Cycle

The flow of carbon through ecosystems, crucial for life.

Photosynthesis

Process by which autotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy.