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Maya, Aztec, Inca civillizations (4)
religious sacrifices, irrigation systems, cultivated maize, very diverse
columbian exchange (4)
slave trade, transfer of disease (ex: fall of tenochtitlan to cortes), food exchange, mineral exchange (made Spanish gov wealthy)
reasons for european exploration in america (3)
looking to increase impire (many died during the black plague), desire for luxury goods, spread of christianity
what were the spanish driven by for their american exploration
mercantilist economic policies
African slave trade
Europeans traded goods for slaves
what happened to spain post exploration?
economy grew, gap between social classes grew
why did native americans and indentured servants make bad slaves
they were more likely to resist and escape (they knew the land better)
encomienda system
encomenderos given portion of land and the natives on that land would become workers of the encomenderos
requerimiento
conversion of natives to christianity. they would get the crown’s protection if they converted
why was the caste system created
to pose taxes on people in an orderly way
caste system order
peninsulares
creoles
mestizos
mulattoes
africans
native americans
mission system
missionaries brought to america to convert the natives to christianity
pueblo revolt
b/c they were forced to convert and they were okay with it initially bc they were polytheistic but spanish were angry bc they should only be christian and should not follow any other religion
de las casas vs sepúlveda
de las casas: against native slavery
sepulveda: indians were natural slaves
french, dutch, and british colonies in america
French Colonies: Emphasized fur trade, small population, Catholic influence.
Dutch Colonies: Focused on trade, diverse population, religious tolerance.
British Colonies: Agricultural economy, large population, Protestant influence.
why did the british colonies argue the most with the native americans
British colonies argued with Native Americans due to competition for land and resources, cultural differences, trade disputes, territorial conflicts, and encroachment by European settlers.
chesapeake colonies
created bc of joint stock company funds, dug for minerals and created a military to defend their findings, great famine, used indentured servitude, tobacco was the main cash crop
difference in relations w natives on behalf of spanish and brits
the spanish subjugated the natives, the english expelled them
bacon’s rebellion
armed uprising against the governor's policies on keeping Native Americans in virginia
new england colonies
puritans, came bc of money reasons, came to establish societies
british west indie colonies
sugarcane, used african slaves “chattel”, harsh slave codes
middle colonies
quackers, economy based on serial crops
triangular trade
Triangular Trade
the exchange of goods, slaves, and raw materials
slave trade act
limited the number of slaves that could be hauled in a ship, many slaves did not make it to america (terrible living conditions during journey)
navigation acts
required merchants to engage in trade exclusively through english ships from colonies
how did colonists react to the navigation acts
many resorted to smuggling
what were all colonists afraid would happen bc of the natives
afraid the natives would put together an organized revolt
american indian interactions by spanish, english, and french
spanish: forced the natives to convert
english: encroached on indian land (king philip’s war) and had bad relations
french: maintained good relations because they wanted to trade with them (would even marry into tribes to build up relations)
why did british use slavery in colonies
increased demand of colonial goods + not enough indentured servants
slavery tendencies geographically in america
the deeper you went south, the more they relied on slavery
types of slave resistance
covert: practiced cultural customs and spoke native languages
overt: openly displayed resistance
what was the result of the stono rebellion
tightened restrictions on slave activities and education because there was a fear of organized rebellions
how did the great awakening make it harder for parliament to govern
it emphasized less belief in gov
enlightenment | great awakening
enlightenment: gave colonists ideas abt liberty, natural rights, and a democratic government
great awakening: nationwide movement that bound America together and taught to resist threats to democracy
anglicization
process of becoming more british-like
why did americans become increasingly aware of violations of their natural rights by the british
enlightenment ideologies, taxation without representation, quartering of soldiers, and restrictions on trade
why was the albany plan of union significant although it was rejected
it laid the foundation for the constitution
albany plan of union
council to decide on further defense, trade, and westward expansion
proclamation line of 1763
forbade colonies from migrating west of the appalachian mountains
why were the sons/daughters of liberty and the vox populi formed
to voice no taxation without representation
what act caused colonial women to boycott english products
the townshend acts (severely hurt english economy)
second continental congress
drafted the declaration of independence
what did the english pass in response to the boston tea party
coercive acts
what type of war did the americans fight to win the war
war of attrition, could only win if brits surrendered
what battle was significant in the american rev and why
battle of saratoga b/c french joined as america’s ally
republican motherhood
women education expanded bc women needed to teach their sons
articles of confederation
power in leg branch, weak gov
northwest ordinance
abolished slavery in northwest, process to apply for statehood
what showed the weakness of the articles of confederation
shay’s rebellion because they weren’t able to put it down
3/5 compromise
slaves were 3/5 of a person (for representation by population)
what compromise was made to ratify the constitution
the bill of rights was added
virginia plan | new jersey plan
virginia: big state plan - representation by population
new jersey: small state plan - representation equally
constitution
shared power btwn state & fed gov, checks and balances of branches
pickney’s treaty
new orleans trade, established southern border
what proved that the constitution worked
the whiskey rebellion bc they were able to put it down
hamilton’s national bank
state debt put tg with nation debt, bank worked
proclamation of neutrality
declared the nation neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain
democratic republicans | federalists
democratic republicans: strict constructionists (fed gov could only do what was explicitly written in the constitution)
federalists: could do more than what was explicitly written
how did chief marshall help increase judicial power
marbury vs madison: supreme court is the final interpreter of the const
mcculloch vs maryland: federal law trumps state law
monroe doctrine
warned European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.
adams-onis treaty
got florida and established southern border
why did hamilton’s national bank disappear post war of 1812
it was hard to raise funds for the war
american system
re-established the bank of america, created protective tariffs
why was the tallmadge amendment “bad”
harmed the balance btwn # of free and # of slave states
missouri compromise
kept balance btwn # of free and # of slave states
what helped spark the market rev (technological innovations - 5)
cotton gin + interchangeable parts + steamboats + canals + railroads
cult of domesticity
separate spheres between men and women
south pre civil war
plantation aristocracy, scared of slave rebellions (especially after nat turner’s rebellion)
panic of 1819
1st major recession
causes: decreased demands for exports, irresponsible banking practices
effects: working men demand enfranchisement (couldn’t before bc you needed to own land, ect)
national republicans | democrats
national republicans: loose constructionists, expansive view of federal power
democrats: restrictive view of federal power, strict constructionists
Jackson & federalism
tariff of abominations passed → South Carolina nullified it (nullification crisis) → creation of force bill → South Carolina nullified force bill
second great awakening
moral reformation of society that inspired the temperance movement
abolitionist movement + start of women’s rights movement
women couldn’t advocate for no slavery if they had no rights → seneca falls convention → declaration of sentiments
why was the louisiana purchase controversial
jefferson was a strict constructionist but still bought it although it wasn’t explicitly stated in the constitution that he had the power to do that
acquisition of indian land pre civil war
indian removal act → worcester vs georgia (in favor of cherokee) → treaty of new echota (unfair bc georgians had non leaders sign it) → trail of tears (forced removal)
what causes the conflicts to move from east→ west to north → south
manifest destiny
why did manifest destiny worsen the slavery debates
question on whether acquired territory will be free or slave
impacts of manifest destiny
environmental changes, settlement of native land
wilmot proviso
proposes for all territories acquired from mexican secession to be free
not passed because it angered slave states too much
old immigrants:
german/ irish, pre civil war
how did the south justify slavery
positive good, social darwinism
compromise of 1850
stricter fugitive slave law (angered north), discussed land from mexican secession
dred scott decision
enslaved people were not citizens of the United States and, therefore, could not expect any protection from the federal government or the court
kansas nebraska act | bleeding kansas
kansas nebraska act: repealed the Missouri Compromise, created two new territories, and allowed for popular sovereignty
bleeding Kansas: violent guerrilla war between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces
what were the immediate causes of South Carolinian secession from the union
Abe lincoln’s election and his free soil platform that stopped slavery from expanding
what did the emancipation proclamation do to the war
it changed the war’s purpose from wanting to preserve the union → abolition of slavery
what caused the south to become destroyed and what tactic made it lose
the anaconda plan severed the confederacy geographically and Sherman’s March to the sea destroyed the land
why were the reconstruction amendments hypocritical
13: sharecropping became the new form of slavery
14: granted equal protection but gov did not stop KKK
15: the KKK, poll taxes, and grandfather clauses made it hard for Blacks to actually vote
what were the reconstruction ammendments
13: abolished slavery
14: granted citizenship and equal protection to Blacks
15: allowed Black men to vote
why did the abolitionist party split after during the 15th ammendment
women wanted to get the right to vote as well
reasons for manifest destiny
needed access to natural resources, god-given duty to possess the whole continent, people looking for homestead opportunities, religious refuge (ex: Mormons in Utah)
causes of the mexican-american war
border/territory disputes
what was the free soil movement
new territories should be full of FREE laborers (like north), heavily disliked by the south
how were the abolitionists highly influential
uncle tom’s cabin, underground railroad, Frederick Douglass
what tilted the balance to the north instead of it being equal and how did it influence legislation
cali and new mexico were admitted as free states so the south couldn’t get any pro slavery legislation passed
why was the emancipation proclamation more of a military tactic
people who escaped the confederacy could join the army
removed the opportunity of Britain aiding the south
what was the plan for reconstruction (3) VERY LENIENT
pledge of loyalty, had to ratify 13th & 14th amendment, south divided into 5 military districts
gettysburg address
unified nation, portrayed the struggle against slavery as the fulfillment of america’s founding democratic principals
what ended reconstruction and what did it do
compromise of 1877: Hayes got southern votes in exchange for removing military from south (nobody enforced the reconstruction amendments anymore)
what were the effects of the mechanization of agriculture (2)
more crops, less small farmers bc they were bought out by large scale businesses
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Flashcard (103)