KG0516

Maya, Aztec, Inca civillizations (4)

religious sacrifices, irrigation systems, cultivated maize, very diverse

columbian exchange (4)

slave trade, transfer of disease (ex: fall of tenochtitlan to cortes), food exchange, mineral exchange (made Spanish gov wealthy)

reasons for european exploration in america (3)

looking to increase impire (many died during the black plague), desire for luxury goods, spread of christianity

what were the spanish driven by for their american exploration

mercantilist economic policies

African slave trade

Europeans traded goods for slaves

what happened to spain post exploration?

economy grew, gap between social classes grew

why did native americans and indentured servants make bad slaves

they were more likely to resist and escape (they knew the land better)

encomienda system

encomenderos given portion of land and the natives on that land would become workers of the encomenderos

requerimiento

conversion of natives to christianity. they would get the crown’s protection if they converted

why was the caste system created

to pose taxes on people in an orderly way

caste system order

peninsulares

creoles

mestizos

mulattoes

africans

native americans

mission system

missionaries brought to america to convert the natives to christianity

pueblo revolt

b/c they were forced to convert and they were okay with it initially bc they were polytheistic but spanish were angry bc they should only be christian and should not follow any other religion

de las casas vs sepúlveda

de las casas: against native slavery

sepulveda: indians were natural slaves

french, dutch, and british colonies in america

• French Colonies: Emphasized fur trade, small population, Catholic influence.

• Dutch Colonies: Focused on trade, diverse population, religious tolerance.

• British Colonies: Agricultural economy, large population, Protestant influence.

why did the british colonies argue the most with the native americans

British colonies argued with Native Americans due to competition for land and resources, cultural differences, trade disputes, territorial conflicts, and encroachment by European settlers.

chesapeake colonies

created bc of joint stock company funds, dug for minerals and created a military to defend their findings, great famine, used indentured servitude, tobacco was the main cash crop

difference in relations w natives on behalf of spanish and brits

the spanish subjugated the natives, the english expelled them

bacon’s rebellion

armed uprising against the governor's policies on keeping Native Americans in virginia

new england colonies

puritans, came bc of money reasons, came to establish societies

british west indie colonies

sugarcane, used african slaves “chattel”, harsh slave codes

middle colonies

quackers, economy based on serial crops

triangular trade

Triangular Trade

the exchange of goods, slaves, and raw materials

slave trade act

limited the number of slaves that could be hauled in a ship, many slaves did not make it to america (terrible living conditions during journey)

navigation acts

required merchants to engage in trade exclusively through english ships from colonies

how did colonists react to the navigation acts

many resorted to smuggling

what were all colonists afraid would happen bc of the natives

afraid the natives would put together an organized revolt

american indian interactions by spanish, english, and french

spanish: forced the natives to convert

english: encroached on indian land (king philip’s war) and had bad relations

french: maintained good relations because they wanted to trade with them (would even marry into tribes to build up relations)

why did british use slavery in colonies

increased demand of colonial goods + not enough indentured servants

slavery tendencies geographically in america

the deeper you went south, the more they relied on slavery

types of slave resistance

covert: practiced cultural customs and spoke native languages

overt: openly displayed resistance

what was the result of the stono rebellion

tightened restrictions on slave activities and education because there was a fear of organized rebellions

how did the great awakening make it harder for parliament to govern

it emphasized less belief in gov

enlightenment | great awakening

enlightenment: gave colonists ideas abt liberty, natural rights, and a democratic government

great awakening: nationwide movement that bound America together and taught to resist threats to democracy

anglicization

process of becoming more british-like

why did americans become increasingly aware of violations of their natural rights by the british

enlightenment ideologies, taxation without representation, quartering of soldiers, and restrictions on trade

why was the albany plan of union significant although it was rejected

it laid the foundation for the constitution

albany plan of union

council to decide on further defense, trade, and westward expansion

proclamation line of 1763

forbade colonies from migrating west of the appalachian mountains

why were the sons/daughters of liberty and the vox populi formed

to voice no taxation without representation

what act caused colonial women to boycott english products

the townshend acts (severely hurt english economy)

second continental congress

drafted the declaration of independence

what did the english pass in response to the boston tea party

coercive acts

what type of war did the americans fight to win the war

war of attrition, could only win if brits surrendered

what battle was significant in the american rev and why

battle of saratoga b/c french joined as america’s ally

republican motherhood

women education expanded bc women needed to teach their sons

articles of confederation

power in leg branch, weak gov

northwest ordinance

abolished slavery in northwest, process to apply for statehood

what showed the weakness of the articles of confederation

shay’s rebellion because they weren’t able to put it down

3/5 compromise

slaves were 3/5 of a person (for representation by population)

what compromise was made to ratify the constitution

the bill of rights was added

virginia plan | new jersey plan

virginia: big state plan - representation by population

new jersey: small state plan - representation equally

constitution

shared power btwn state & fed gov, checks and balances of branches

pickney’s treaty

new orleans trade, established southern border

what proved that the constitution worked

the whiskey rebellion bc they were able to put it down

hamilton’s national bank

state debt put tg with nation debt, bank worked

proclamation of neutrality

declared the nation neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain

democratic republicans | federalists

democratic republicans: strict constructionists (fed gov could only do what was explicitly written in the constitution)

federalists: could do more than what was explicitly written

how did chief marshall help increase judicial power

marbury vs madison: supreme court is the final interpreter of the const

mcculloch vs maryland: federal law trumps state law

monroe doctrine

warned European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.

adams-onis treaty

got florida and established southern border

why did hamilton’s national bank disappear post war of 1812

it was hard to raise funds for the war

american system

re-established the bank of america, created protective tariffs

why was the tallmadge amendment “bad”

harmed the balance btwn # of free and # of slave states

missouri compromise

kept balance btwn # of free and # of slave states

what helped spark the market rev (technological innovations - 5)

cotton gin + interchangeable parts + steamboats + canals + railroads

cult of domesticity

separate spheres between men and women

south pre civil war

plantation aristocracy, scared of slave rebellions (especially after nat turner’s rebellion)

panic of 1819

1st major recession

causes: decreased demands for exports, irresponsible banking practices

effects: working men demand enfranchisement (couldn’t before bc you needed to own land, ect)

national republicans | democrats

national republicans: loose constructionists, expansive view of federal power

democrats: restrictive view of federal power, strict constructionists

Jackson & federalism

tariff of abominations passed → South Carolina nullified it (nullification crisis) → creation of force bill → South Carolina nullified force bill

second great awakening

moral reformation of society that inspired the temperance movement

abolitionist movement + start of women’s rights movement

women couldn’t advocate for no slavery if they had no rights → seneca falls convention → declaration of sentiments

why was the louisiana purchase controversial

jefferson was a strict constructionist but still bought it although it wasn’t explicitly stated in the constitution that he had the power to do that

acquisition of indian land pre civil war

indian removal act → worcester vs georgia (in favor of cherokee) → treaty of new echota (unfair bc georgians had non leaders sign it) → trail of tears (forced removal)

what causes the conflicts to move from east→ west to north → south

manifest destiny

why did manifest destiny worsen the slavery debates

question on whether acquired territory will be free or slave

impacts of manifest destiny

environmental changes, settlement of native land

wilmot proviso

proposes for all territories acquired from mexican secession to be free

not passed because it angered slave states too much

old immigrants:

german/ irish, pre civil war

how did the south justify slavery

positive good, social darwinism

compromise of 1850

stricter fugitive slave law (angered north), discussed land from mexican secession

dred scott decision

enslaved people were not citizens of the United States and, therefore, could not expect any protection from the federal government or the court

kansas nebraska act | bleeding kansas

kansas nebraska act: repealed the Missouri Compromise, created two new territories, and allowed for popular sovereignty

bleeding Kansas: violent guerrilla war between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces

what were the immediate causes of South Carolinian secession from the union

Abe lincoln’s election and his free soil platform that stopped slavery from expanding

what did the emancipation proclamation do to the war

it changed the war’s purpose from wanting to preserve the union → abolition of slavery

what caused the south to become destroyed and what tactic made it lose

the anaconda plan severed the confederacy geographically and Sherman’s March to the sea destroyed the land

why were the reconstruction amendments hypocritical

13: sharecropping became the new form of slavery

14: granted equal protection but gov did not stop KKK

15: the KKK, poll taxes, and grandfather clauses made it hard for Blacks to actually vote

what were the reconstruction ammendments

13: abolished slavery

14: granted citizenship and equal protection to Blacks

15: allowed Black men to vote

why did the abolitionist party split after during the 15th ammendment

women wanted to get the right to vote as well

reasons for manifest destiny

needed access to natural resources, god-given duty to possess the whole continent, people looking for homestead opportunities, religious refuge (ex: Mormons in Utah)

causes of the mexican-american war

border/territory disputes

what was the free soil movement

new territories should be full of FREE laborers (like north), heavily disliked by the south

how were the abolitionists highly influential

uncle tom’s cabin, underground railroad, Frederick Douglass

what tilted the balance to the north instead of it being equal and how did it influence legislation

cali and new mexico were admitted as free states so the south couldn’t get any pro slavery legislation passed

why was the emancipation proclamation more of a military tactic

1. people who escaped the confederacy could join the army

2. removed the opportunity of Britain aiding the south

what was the plan for reconstruction (3) VERY LENIENT

pledge of loyalty, had to ratify 13th & 14th amendment, south divided into 5 military districts

gettysburg address

unified nation, portrayed the struggle against slavery as the fulfillment of america’s founding democratic principals

what ended reconstruction and what did it do

compromise of 1877: Hayes got southern votes in exchange for removing military from south (nobody enforced the reconstruction amendments anymore)

what were the effects of the mechanization of agriculture (2)

more crops, less small farmers bc they were bought out by large scale businesses