COMPS

What cranial nerve innervates the intrinsic muscles of the tongue? (neuro)

- hypoglossal nerve (CNXII)

What is the vestibulocochlear nerve? (neuro)

- 8th cranial nerve
- person's hearing and balance.
- This nerve contains two components: the vestibular nerve and the cochlear nerve. The vestibular nerve helps the body sense changes in the position of the head with regard to gravity. The body uses this information to maintain balance.

What are the arteries in the brain? What do they do? Where do they go? (neuro)

- Blood supply
- provide many paths for blood to supply oxygen and nutrients to the brain.
Carotid arterial system
- Left and right common carotids internal and external carotid arteries (on left and right)
- Internal arteries anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA)

Vertebrobasilar arterial system
Left and right subclavian arteries vertebral arteries (2) basilar artery (1)
left and right posterior cerebral arteries (PCA)

What is the function of precentral gyrus?

voluntary motor movements
- Motor strip (M1) primary motor cortex, Bottom half deals with movement and speech
- upper half deals with face movement/voluntary movement.

What is the function of the postcentral gyrus?

involuntary motor movements/ Sensory awareness
- sensory strip (S1) primary sensory cortex, sense of touch. Sensory awareness

What is the function of heschl's gryus?

- auditory stimuli
- Primary auditory cortex- How the brain interprets auditory signals and speech signals- Specific neurons respond to specific frequencies.

What is the function of the superior posterior temporal gyrus?

- Processing sounds
- involved in auditory processing, including language, but also has been implicated as a critical structure in social cognition.

What is the function of the inferior posterior frontal gyrus?

- processing of speech and language in Broca's area.
- stores information about the sounds in words and sequencing of these sounds

What is the function of the angular gyrus?

- attention, self-processing, semantic information processing, emotion regulation, and mentalizing.

What is GABA?

- opposite of glutamate. Inhibits action potential.
- Primary inhibitory NT: major inhibitory transmitter is its derivative γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

What is acetylcholine?

This is a primary neurotransmitter that transmits impulses across the synaptic cleft.
- produced by peripheral motor neurons to excite muscle; primary neurotransmitter for PNS.
- Primary NT at NMJ: Acetylcholine (ACh), produced by peripheral motor neurons to excite muscle

What is dopamine?

Dopamine is an inhibitory transmitter that stabilizes communication.
CNS, limbic system, modulates the limbic system, excitatory to basal ganglia, excites

What is glutamate?

major excitatory neurotransmitter
- facilitates fast synaptic responses in the nervous system. It stimulates; excitatory.
-Primary excitatory NT: Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter of the mammalian central nervous system.

What are Schwann cells?

A type of glial cell that forms insulating myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons in the peripheral nervous system.
- myelin for PNS neurons (can regenerate)
- play essential roles in the development, maintenance, function, and regeneration of peripheral nerves.

Where is Broca's area and what is its function?

- speech production
- Major language area, located inferior frontal gyrus, controls motor speech

Where is Wernicke's area and what is its function?

language comprehension
- Major language area. In the superior temporal gyrus. Comprehension of speech

What is the commissure between cerebral hemispheres?

corpus callosum

What's the difference between the efferent and afferent nerve system?

- Efferent leads AWAY from CNS ( responsible for moving muscle, motor pathways)
- Afferent leads TOWARD CNS (doing, feeling and sensing, sensory pathways)

Where is the somatosensory strip?

- located in the parietal lobe just behind (posterior to) the central fissure.

Where is the motor strip?

- Precentral gyrus
- An important part of the frontal lobe. We know that specific neurons are associated with specific parts of the body. The more developed a motor movement is, the more
- Skills, fine-tuned motor movements, delicate, voluntary

What is Aphasia?

loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage.
- Aphasia is a disorder that results from damage to portions of the brain that are responsible for language.
- For most people, these areas are on the left side of the brain.
- The disorder impairs the expression and understanding of language as well as reading and writing. Aphasia may co-occur with speech disorders, such as dysarthria or apraxia of speech, which also result from brain damage.

What is Acquired Apraxia of Speech?

- A high-level motor disturbance (disorder of learned movement) that is not caused by paralysis, weakness, or incoordination and cannot be accounted for by sensory loss, comprehension deficits, or inattention to commands
- Motor association areas

CNS \= PNS \=

- 2 divisions of the nervous system
- Central nervous system: ependymal cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes
- PNS: Schwann cells
- Peripheral nervous system (includes cranial nerves and spinal nerves) and central nervous system (encased in bone, includes brain and spinal cord)

Brain \=

cerebrum + cerebellum + brainstem

Cerebrum \= 2 hemispheres + diencephalons (i.e., "in-between brain")

- Left hemisphere (contains motor fibers) usually deals with language, speech, and analytic processing.
- Sees the details but not the big picture.

- The right hemisphere (contains sensory fibers) deals with emotions, musical skills, metaphors, and humor.
- Sees the big picture but not the details.

Basic function of neuron

reception, integration, transmission, and transfer of information
- Carry out information
- Neurons are cells that communicate with other cells.

Basic structures:

Soma
i. Cell body. Has a transmitter(axon) and receiver(dendrites)
Dendrite
i. Tree-like. Receives chemical messages.
Axon
i. Axis.
Tube that transmits the message.
ii. Longest axon is from brain to spinal cord.
iii. Conducts impulses away from soma.

Where is gray matter located?

on outside of brain and inside of spinal cord
(the gross appearance of the brain, which contains nerve cells, glia cells, and fibers) located outside of brain,

Where is white matter located? What is it?

inside brain, outside spinal cord
(nerve fibers that form tracts and carry information from one brain site to another), located inside of brain

What are the main functions of the brainstem?

replays sensory and motor impulses between parts of brain and spinal cord.
- Brainstem: Regulates vital cardiac and respiratory functions and acts as a vehicle for sensory information. Associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep, and wake up cycles, alertness, and temperature regulations.
· Conduit for pathways
o Corridor for all major sensory, motor, cerebellar and cranial nerve pathways

What are the main functions of cranial nerves?

- The cranial nerves send information between the brain and the sense organs (the eyes, ears, nose, and tongue).

What are the main functions of the cerebellum?

motor activities of an automatic nature such as walking, talking, balance/posture; coordination
- Balance, coordination movement, sensation
- Damage \= ataxia

What are the functions of structures in the diencephalon?

Structure: Thalamus, Hypothalamus and subthalamic nucleus
Function
Thalamus
sense "gateway", integrate sensation
Hypothalamus
homeostasis, rage, aggression, escape(location: ventral to thalamus, littler anterior)
Subthalamic nucleus
Input from most regions of the brain, part of basal ganglia; gateway; directs up to frontal lobe
movement regulation along with the rest of the basal ganglia.

ACA supplies which areas?

o "Leg area" of the motor strip: ACA
o Frontal pole: ACA

MCA supplies which areas?

o Broca's area: MCA
o Wernicke's area: MCA

Name the cerebral artery supplying the following areas:
1. "leg area" of the motor strip:
2. Frontal pole:
3. Broca's area:
4. Wernicke's area:
5. Motor strip (except leg area):
6. Primary visual cortex and occipital pole:

1. "leg area" of the motor strip: ACA
2. Frontal pole: ACA
3. Broca's area: MCA
4. Wernicke's area: MCA
5. Motor strip (except leg area): MCA
6. Primary visual cortex and occipital pole: PCA

What is the Circle of Willis?

- Collateral blood flow in brain
- cerebral arterial circle, supplies blood to the brain and surrounding structures
- Circle of Willis circle of arteries is the connection between ACA, MCA, and PCA. Function is to protect (prevents stroke from happening). Most common strokes happen in the MCA because there is no extra protection.

What are the cranial nerves? (neuro)

I. Olfactory (sensory: smell)
II. Optic (sensory: vision)
III. Oculomotor (motor: eye movement/eyelid)
IV. Trochlear (motor: also eyeball movement)
V. Trigeminal (Sensory: face, anterior 2/3 tongue motor: mandible)
VI. Abducens (motor: also eyeball movement)
VII. Facial (motor: face sensory: taste, anterior 2/3 tongue)
VIII. Vestibulocochlear(Auditory - hearing and balance)
IX. Glossopharyngeal(Sensory: posterior 1/3 tongue, motor: pharynx, larynx)
X. Vagus (sensory & motor: Pharynx, larynx, epiglottis)
XI. Accessory (motor: larynx, shoulder)
XII. Hypoglossal (motor: tongue movement)

What is a cultural pluralism model? (multicultural)

Cultural pluralism:
Everyone has their own culture, but all interact with each other
Everyone is free to have their own cultural background, but they will be interacting with each other
Not giving up their background, but still interacting with each other within a community

What is an anglo conformity model? (multicultural)

Assimilation(a minority group or culture comes to resemble a society's majority group or assimilate the values, behaviors, and beliefs of another group whether fully or partially)
When group of immigrants come to US and become americanized
Conforming to American society

What is a mixing pot model? (multicultural)

Taking all the cultures and melting/mixing them together, and they impact one another
Taking cultural influences from others

What are the differences between the models? (multicultural)

Depends on amount of assimilation
Cultural pluralism: Keeping their original background, but still function within the greater community
Anglo conformity: Full assimilation to American culture; get rid of previous culture
Melting/mixing pot: mix of cultures; celebrate both cultures/religions

Acculturation vs. Assimilation (multicultural)

Acculturation is the transfer of values and customs from one group to another while Assimilation is the cultural absorption of a minority group into the main cultural body.
Acculturation: learning about new culture, but still keeping old culture; practicing both
Assimilation: more extreme absorption into the dominant culture; forget about other culture

What is the definition of multicultural? (multicultural)

When there is multiple cultures within a place or even a person
- French-Canadian for an example because in Canada, French and English are both spoken a lot because those are the bigger languages in Canada.
- There are also religious differences that are common in a multicultural society, which different holidays are celebrated

Who makes decisions about whether a child gets therapy for dialect modification? (multicultural)

The parent
- You shouldn't give these services unless the parent asks for it.

What skills do you need to do dialect modification? (multicultural)

Know the standard american english dialect and the dialect you're working with
Need to know ins and out
Chronological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, etc.
Grammar, vocabulary, pragmatics

What is negative transfer or language interference? (multicultural)

Negative transfer/language interference:
- Take a structure you have in native language and transfer it to second language, but those structures don't exist
- EX: using structure of native language (Serbian) and transferring it to english, the grammatical structures don't match up

What is positive transfer? (multicultural)

Positive transfer:
"Bootstrapping"
- Using the knowledge of first language and transferring it into the next language, and it "works"
- Ex: german has more morphemes than english; transfer rich morphosyntactic knowledge from german to english
-May pick up morphology quickly because already have background knowledge on more complex structures

What is the difference between a language disorder and a language difference? How do you know? (multicultural)

- Language disorder is having difficulties in more than one language
- Language difference is having more knowledge in one language than another. (Having issues with L2, not L1)

Do I have a disorder or difference if I have trouble in all my languages? (multicultural)

Disorder

Do I have a disorder or difference if I'm only having trouble in my second language?(multicultural)

Difference

What sources of information can you use to decide if a bilingual child has a language disorder or a difference? (multicultural)

Work with family to get background of child and their language usage
-Parent concerns
Dynamic (fluid) assessments: looks at what you are capable of learning
- Criterion
- Language sampling

Extra information (multicultural)

Working with interpreters:
Using direct language:
Talk to the client, not the interpreter
- EX: don't say "hey interpreter, tell the client \___"

Brief them before the session, so they know what they're interpreting (ex: types of assessments)

Debrief them after the session
- "Is there anything else I need to know?"

Don't use family or kids
Too involved within caregivers life; makes it bias
Interpreter/translator needs own licensure

Setting you're in needs to provide interpreter ~ due to access of language

To be a bilingual slp in schools, need bilingual endorsement on PEL license

Extra information p.2 (multicultural)

Cultural humility: identified as life-long learner
Realize how you view the world, but know that there is more to learn about other cultures
Culturally competent: identified as not needing to learn any more
- Learned everything and don't need to learn any more
- Ethnographic interview: allow client to tell you about their culture (their food, their customs, etc.

Focus on (linguistics)

Vowel quadrilateral (parallelogram)
What vowels are high and low
Look at visual
Questions related to phonemes
Place, manner, voice, age of acquisition
https://adventuresinspeechpathology.com/freebie-library/
Look at brown's stages
Age ranges that match with different stages
What morphemes are required
Calculation of MLU
- How to calculate it
- What counts as a morpheme
- What repetition do we not count
- What words count as more than 1 morpheme
-Tense
- Contractions
Mean length utterance (MLU)
- What counts as a morpheme
-What words count as more of a morpheme
prefix/suffix
Identity morphemes in a sentence to calculate MLU
Phonological processes
Formal definitions of morphology, syntax, phonology vs phonetics

What is a semivowel? List them (linguistics)

A semivowel is an approximation of two articulators without producing a turbulent airstream.
The semivowels are glides /j/ and /w/ and liquids /l/ and /r/

What's a glide? (linguistics)

Glides involve a gliding motion of an articulator and are always prevocalic
- /w/ as in wagon
- /j/ as in yellow

What is phonology? What is phonetics? How are they different? (linguistics)

Phonology is the study of language by examining the inventory and structure of the sounds of human speech.
- does not study one particular language
abstract sound patterns and structures.
Phonetics is the study of speech sounds.
- Phonetics is what the speech sounds are
(production and perception)

What is an affricate? List them? (linguistic)

Affricates are consonant sounds made up of a stop and immediately followed by a fricative
\[ t͡ʃ ]\= voiceless alveopalatal affricate
\[d͡ʒ]\= voiced alveopalatal affricate

where can we mark tense (not just on main verbs)?
(linguistics)

Auxiliary copula

Create a sentence with past tense marked on a main verb(linguistics)

Sally ran to the park.
- Irregular past tense of "run"
Justin interviewed.
- Marked with -ed
They jumped

Create a sentence with past tense marked on a copula verb.**(linguistics)

Sally was lazy
Links subj to adj.
They had been jumping. (?)

Create a sentence with past tense marked on an auxiliary verb.**(linguistics)

Sally was being lazy
- Be + -ing
Links subj to verb.

What parts of grammar mark finiteness?(linguistics)

Finiteness \= Tense (verbs)
Verbs:
-ed
Auxiliary be
- Is, are, was, were
- Paired with a verb in present progressive
- EX: Justin is interviewing for a new job right now.
Copula be
- Primarily used w adj or nouns
- Links subject to another subj or adj.
- EX: Justin is smart. // Justin is a man.

what's a coda? (linguistics)

In a syllable structure, the syllable onset (consonant)is first, nucleus (vowel) in the middle, followed by the coda (consonant)
Nucleus + coda \= rhyme
onset, nucleus, coda
eg plant- syllable- pl(onset)-a(nucleus)- nt(coda)

what's a third person pronoun?(linguistics)

A pronoun that refers to people or things other than the speaker or the addressee
Feminine- she, her, hers, herself
Masculine- he, him, his, himself
Neutral- it, its, itself, they, them, their, theirs

what's a phonotactic rule? What larger domain of language does it apply to?(linguistics)

Phonotactic rules indicate which combinations of phonemes are allowed in a particular language.
phonology and morphology domain

For example, in English, /mb/ can be at the end of a word (bomb), but can't be at the start of a word. It applies to the language domain of phonology

what's the difference between canonical and variegated babbling? (linguistics)

Canonical (reduplicated) babbling is repeating the same syllables in babbling such as "bababa" or "gagaga".
Variegated (non reduplicative) babbling is babbling with different consonants such as "badagada" "madama".
6-9 months: canonical babbling
9-10 months: variegated babbling

what are Brown's later developing morphemes?(linguistics)

Brown stage l age 12-26 months MLU 1.0-2.0 equals what kind of speech?
- Telegraphic speech here and now, ask questions using intonation, gestures accompany words.

brown stage ll age 27-30 months old MLU 2.0-2.5 uses utterances that now have what?
- Word endings such as "ing" and "no" proceeds the verb.

brown stage III age 31-34 months MLU 2.5-3.0 uses how many words per sentence?
- Many simple complete five word sentences.

brown stages IV age 35 to 40 months and MLU 3.0 to 3.75 how many words per sentence does child use?
- 3-7 word sentences, takes turn in conversation. More adult like to talk.

brown stage V 41-46 months, MLU 3.75-4.5 What type of sentences does child use?
- many compound and complex sentences, greater focus on future events, can infer possible actions

What is morphology?(linguistics)

study of the system of rule underlying our knowledge of the structure of words
The study of morphemes -the small components to add meaning (ing, ed, s)
There are two classes of morphemes:
roots (words that cannot be divided into any smaller units)
affix (morphemes attached to roots in order to alter meaning)

What's the difference between a passive and active sentence?(linguistics)

Passive:
Sentence subject is receiving the action
EX: Justin is being interviewed
Active:
Sentence subject is performing the action
EX: Justin is interviewing

What's the difference between partial word knowledge and morphological decomposition?(linguistics)

Morphological decomposition:
Idea that you're trying to understand a word by breaking the entire word down into little parts
- Break into prefix, suffix, root word
Partial word knowledge:
Part of the word you already understand

What is decontextualized language?(linguistics)

Out of context, not currently happening, past information or something happening in the future, not in site of the listener.

What's the difference between written and spoken language?(linguistics)

Both are forms of expressive language
Written:
- Has more processing time
- Can have revisions
- Can sound more formal/professional/advanced
- Be able to mix serious/positive
- Use low frequency/unique words
- More complex structures
- Higher density
Spoken:
- Get information out more quickly
- May not be as formal/advanced clausal structure
- Use high frequency words
- Core words make up 80% of our conversations

MLU calculation(linguistics)

total \# of morphemes/total \# of utterances

Place, manner, voicing for phonemes(linguistics)

PLACE of articulation: this includes labial, dental, alveolar, postalveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal
VOICING: whether the consonant is voice or voiceless
MANNER of articulation: stops, fricatives, affricates, nasals, liquids, and glides

age of acquisition(linguistics)

the age at which a certain percentage of children have acquired a speech sound
Early Developing Sounds develop between ages 1 and 3, and are consistent around age 3.
Middle Developing Sounds develop between ages 3 and 6.5, and are consistent around age 5.5.
Late Developing Sounds develop between ages 5 and 7.5, and are consistent around age 7.5.

age- MLU (linguistics)

Age ~ MLU
2.5 - 3 years ~ 3.23 morphemes
3 - 3.5 years ~ 3.81 morphemes
3.5 - 4 years ~ 4.09 morphemes
4 - 4.5 years ~ 4.57 morphemes
4.5 - 5 years ~ 4.75 morphemes
5 - 5.5 years ~ 4.88 morphemes
5.5 - 6 years ~ 4.96 morphemes
6 - 6.5 years ~ 5.07 morphemes

DO NOT count morphemes (linguistics)

1 False starts, reformulations, or repetitions unless the repetition is for emphasis (e.g. "[then] then [he go] he went to the zoo" is counted as 6 morphemes; "No! No! No!" is counted as 3).
2 Compound words, reduplications, and proper names count as single words (e.g. fireman, choo-choo, Big Bird).
3 Irregular past tense verbs and irregular plurals count as one morpheme (e.g. took, went, mice, men).
4 Diminutives (e.g. doggie, horsie, dolly) and catenatives (e.g. gonna, wanna, hafta) count as one morpheme.
5 Fillers (e.g. um, well, oh, um hmm).

what to focus on the most (developmental)**

**diagram of vowel quadrilateral
What is high, what is low

What to focus on most p.2(developmental)

\****(phonemes) place, manner, voicing https://adventuresinspeechpathology.com/freebie-library/
**how to calculate MLU e.g. running (2 utterances, run, -ing)
If a client says a word 3 times, we only count it once e.g. wish wish wish (1 utterance)
**focus on brown's developmental milestones (morphemes)
**age of acquisition
**age of acquisition for gestures, pointing, canonical babbling etc.
**formal definitions for morphology, phonology, syntax, etc.

Age of acquisition gestures (developmental)

Gestures are movements of parts of the body, especially the hands or head to express a meaning or a need (2-5). Children develop intentional communication around 8 to 9 months and they use gestures to meet their needs (6, 7).

morphology, phonology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics (developmental)

Phonology: analyzes the sound patterns of a language by determining which phonetic sounds are significant, and by explaining how these sounds are interpreted by the native speaker.

Morphology: is the study of how words are formed. Words are said to be made up of morphemes, the smallest units of meaning in a language. Morphemes can be words that stand alone like fish, girl, and dark as well as word particles like -ed, -s, -ness, and pre- that are attached to words to modify their meaning in some way.

Syntax: refers to the way in which words are put together to form phrases or clauses. It refers to the formal relationships between words in phrases or sentences. Examples of such relationships are the subject/verb relationship and the relationship between the verb and the direct object.

Semantics: refer to meanings of words and phrases. What might \___language problems look like in a child? Difficulty following verbal directions; use a limited number of words to express himself; experience difficulty asking and answering questions; struggle to understand the relationship between words, such as words in the same category and synonyms, and so on.

Pragmatics: refer to language used in social context. More specifically, \____ means knowing what, when and how to say something in a social situation, and it also can be referred to as "social skills." When children have difficulty using \____ language, additional practice can often result in improvement.

What are the late 8 phonemes? Last to develop (developmental)

s, z, sh, th (voiced), th (voiceless) , l, r

What is canonical babbling? Give an example(developmental)

Canonical (reduplicated) babbling is repeating the same syllables in babbling such as "bababa" or "gagaga".

When should a child have canonical babbling?(developmental)

6-10 months
On the comps, choose the later age acquisition (keep in mind emerging and mastered)

What are the characteristics of motherese (infant directed speech)?(developmental)

baby talk
High pitch
Exaggerated intonation
Increased repetition of words and clauses

What's the difference between the auxiliary form of 'to be' and the copula form of 'to be'?(developmental)

Auxiliary is helping (ex: She is dancing)
Copula is main verb (ex: He is happy)

What are the earliest sound classes that children acquire?(developmental)

Stops and nasals
Bilabials and alveolars

What phonological processes persist past age 3? (developmental)

Fronting
Weak syllable deletion
Cluster reduction
Stopping
Deaffrication
Gliding
Vocalization

What's the difference between narrative coherence and cohesion(written and oral)? (developmental)

Coherence:
Telling a story that is understandable to other people
"Is what you're saying making sense"
More topic-based
Want it to make sense
No abrupt changes/jumping around in topic
Having logical events involved in relation to the story

Cohesion:
How you link different parts of the story together
More structure based
How to order sentences to tell the story that makes sense
Having a logical sequence of events

At what stage do kids get clausal embedding? (developmental)

Key stage 2 (ages 7-11)

When are the 2 'waves' of Brown's morphemes acquired?(developmental)

Stage II and III
Stage II ( -ing, in, on , plural -s, and -ed)
Stage III ('s possessive)

Which of Brown's early morphemes are bound morphemes?\** order of morphemes acquired(developmental)

present progressive -ing
-One of the first bound morphemes mastered by 19-28 months
- Starts in stage II
In, on
Regular plural -s
marked by ending a word in [s] or [z]
-Regular these used prior to 3 years of age
--Overgeneralization to irregular verbs is relatively low.
--Expressive mastery of these relies on phonological development
Then -ed
Then ' possessive (Stage III)

What is metacognition?

awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.
thinking about one's thinking; the processes used to plan, monitor, and assess one's understanding and performance.

When should kids point? (developmental)

7-12 months

What happens to speech perception in noise as kids develop?(developmental)

"Think of it in the sense of how people age" - megan mckenna
Gets harder as you get older

What is operant learning theory? (behaviorism) (psychology)

System that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior

Remember Pavlov's dogs? Which theory of learning did that experiment exemplify? (psychology)

Classical conditioning is learning through association. He showed that dogs could be conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell if that sound was repeatedly presented at the same time that they were given food.

Behaviorism can't explain how children develop language. Why? (developmental)

Experts in the field of language acquisition believe that behaviorism cannot explain the process of language development since it does not take into account the role of cognition and thought. In other words, first language acquisition is so complicated that it cannot be interpreted by behaviorism.