General Science Kaplan(Combined Set)

What is the description for Monera(Sometimes broken into two kingdoms, one of which belongs to domain Bacteria and one of which belongs to domain Archaea)?

Includes bacteria, cyanobacteria(blue green algae), and primitive pathogens. Considered the most kingdom, it represents prokaryotic (as opposed to eukaryotic) life forms-that is, the cells of Moneran organisms do not have distinct nuclei

What is the Description for Protista?

Are the simplest Eukaryotes (that is, their cells have nuclei). Includes protozoa, unicellular and multicellular algae, and slime and water slime molds. Ancestor organisms to plants, animals, and fungi; many can move around by means of flagella. Some are also photosynthetic.

What is the Description for Fungi?

Includes mushrooms, bread molds, and yeasts. Fungi lack the ability to photosynthesize; they are called decomposers, breaking down and feeding on dead protoplasm (extracellular digestion).

What is the description for Plantae?

Have the ability to photosynthesize, so they are called producers. They are four major phyla: Bryophyta, or mosses; Tracheophyta, which have vascular systems; gymnosperms; and angiosperms.

What is the description for Animalia?

Produce energy by consuming other organisms, so they are called consumers. Can be either vertebrates(which belong to phylum Chordata) or invertebrates such as mollusks, arthropods, sponges, coelenterates, worms, etc. Human beings belong to the kingdom Animalia.

What does Eukaryota have?

All living things whose cells have nuclei are in this domain. Almost all multi celled organisms (including plants, animals, and fungi) are in this domain

What does Bacteria and Archae have?

Domains that contain single celled organisms whose cells do not have nuclei. Living things in the two domains are distinguishable by metabolic and chemical differences

N/a

N/a

What does Domain contain?

The broadest category; there are only three domains. This level of classification is a fairy recent change to the classification system.

What does Kingdom Contain?

Several related phyla

What does Phylum contain?

Several related classes

What does Class contain?

Several related orders

What does Order contain?

Several related families

What does Family contain?

Several related Genera

What does Genus contain?

Several related species

What does Species contain?

Organisms so similar that they can only reproduce with one another to create viable fertile offspring

Why are Proteins necessary?

For the body’s maintenance, growth, and repair.

What are Animal Proteins contained in?

Meat, Fish, Eggs, and Cheese

What are Vegetable Proteins found in?

Peas, Nuts, Beans, and some grains

What are Carbohydrates?

They are major sources of energy for the body, and they include both starches and sugars

What are starches found in?

In Bread, cereal, rice, potatoes, and pasta

What are sugars found in?

Fruits, Cane Sugar, and beets, as well as processed foods.

What also provides energy for the body?

Fats

What are the three types of fats?

Saturated, Monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated

What can Saturated fats do?

Raise bad cholesterol

What reduces the levels of bad cholesterol?

Mono and polyunsaturated fats

What can happen if diets high in saturated fat can lead to high cholesterol?

A heart disease or stroke

What do Saturated fats include?

Meats, shellfish, eggs, milk, and milk products

What do monounsaturated fats include?

Olives, olive oil, almonds, cashews, Brazil nuts, and avocados

What do polyunsaturated fats include?

Corn oil, flaxseed oil, pumpkin seed oil, safflower oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil

What is fiber?

An important part of a healthy diet that provides bulk to help the large intestine carry away waste matter

What do good sources of dietary fiber include?

Leafy green vegetables, carrots, turnips, peas, beans, and potatoes, as well as raw and cooked fruits and whole grain foods

What is also very essential for survival?

Water

The body loses approximately:

Four pints of water each day, which must be replenished.

Most foods contain water and:

Facilitating proper water maintenance, although it is still necessary to drink water as well!

What does insufficient water consumption lead to:

Dehydration, which can cause muscle cramps, dizziness, and if not remedied, even death.

What is needed for a balanced diet?

Minerals in small quantities

What are some necessary minerals?

Iron, Zinc, Calcium, Magnesium, and sodium chloride(salt)

What is calcium important for?

Building strong teeth and bones

What is Iron necessary for?

Red blood cell development

Where do minerals play many different roles?

In the development and maintenance of a healthy body

What are Vitamins C and D?

Organic Compounds that are necessary for a wide variety of physiological processes from bone hardness to healthy gums

What are rich sources of vitamins?

Fruits and Vegetables

Why is Vitamin D unique?

One of the best sources comes not from your diet, but from the sun.

What does exposure to sunlight allow?

Your body to synthesize its own Vitamin D

What can lead to Deficiency Disease?

A lack of the proper amount of certain necessary nutrients in the diet

One such disease called Iron Deficiency Anemia can cause?

Weakness, Dizziness, and Headaches

It’s especially common for who, that do not get enough iron in their diets?

Children, young adults, and pregnant women

What is another example of a deficiency disease?

Scurvy, which is caused by a lack of vitamin c

What are the sources for Iron?

Meat(especially liver), beans, whole grains

What are the Benefits of Iron?

Allows red blood cells to transfer oxygen to body tissues

What are the sources for calcium?

Dairy products like milk, yogurt, and cheese; spinach

What are the Benefits for Calcium?

Bone growth, muscle function

What are the sources for Magnesium?

Nuts, whole grains, green leafy vegetables, fortified fruits

What are the Benefits for Magnesium?

Bone development, muscle and nerve function, enzyme function

What are the sources for Potassium?

Bananas, sweet potatoes, nuts and seeds

What are the benefits for Potassium?

Balances fluid levels in the body

What are the sources for Vitamin A?

Liver, Milk, Eggs, Carrots, Spinach

What are the Benefits for Vitamin A?

Vision, Immune System, Cell Growth

What are the sources for Vitamin C?

Red and Green Peppers, Citrus, and Broccoli

What are the Benefits for Vitamin C?

Collagen formation, immune system function, antioxidant(helps protect cells from damage)

What are the sources for Vitamin D?

Fortified milk, juice, or cereal; body makes majority of vitamin D when exposed to sunlight

What are Benefits of Vitamin D?

Bone strength(by helping the body absorb calcium), muscle and nerve function, immune system

What provides primary support?

Bones

What is more Flexible?

Cartilage

Where is Cartilage also found?

At the end of all bones, at the joints, in the nose, and in the ears.

What else do Bones do beside providing structural support for the body and protecting vital organs?

Produce blood cells and store minerals such as calcium

What are Tendons?

Tough Fibrous cords of connective tissue, connect muscles to the skeleton

What are Ligaments?

Another type of connective tissue, connect bones to other bones at joints such as elbow, knee, fingers, and vertebral column

In conjunction with the respiratory systems, what does the circulatory system do?

Functions to transport oxygen throughout the body while removing carbon dioxide

What else does the Circulatory system transport?

Nutrients provided by the digestive system and clears away waste by transporting it to the excretory system

What is the organ that drives the circulatory system?

The heart

What is the human heart?

A four chambered pump with Atria and Ventricles

What is Atria?

2 collecting chambers

What are Ventricles?

2 pumping chambers

What does the right atrium do?

receive deoxygenated blood from the venae cavae(plural vena cava) and then passes it to the right ventricle, which then pumps the blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery

What are Vena Cava(Vena Cavae singular)?

The two largest veins in the body

Where does the blood pick up oxygen and what happens after?

In the lungs, and returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein.

What happens after the pump is in the left atrium?

It passes to the left ventricle and is pumped through the aorta, the body’s largest artery, into several smaller branching arteries that take it through the rest of the body

What are the heart’s valves essential for?

Efficient pumping of the heart

When blood is pumped out of the ventricles, what happens next?

The valves close to prevent the blood from flowing backward into the heart after contraction of the ventricle is complete

Why is the right side of the heart associated with deoxygenated blood?

Because the blood hasn’t gotten to the lungs yet.

The blood coming into the left side of the heart is oxygenated because?

It is sent there from the lungs

What do Arteries carry?

Blood from the heart to the tissues of the body

They repeatedly branch into smaller arteries(arterioles), which:

Supply blood to bodily tissues via the capillaries

Arteries carry blood away from?

The heart and thus must be thick walled because they carry oxygenated blood at high blood pressure

What carries the blood from the heart into the lungs, and does not contain oxygenated blood?

Pulmonary Artery

What do Veins do?

Carry blood back to the heart from other parts of the body

What describes veins?

Thin walled, conduct blood at low pressure, and contain many valves to prevent backflow

What do veins have?

No pulse, and carry dark red, deoxygenated blood

What is the lone exception?

The pulmonary vein, which carries freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs back into the heart

What describes Capillaries?

Thin walled vessels and very small in diameter

What are Capillaries?

Permit exchange of materials such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between the blood and the body’s cells through diffusion

What is Hypertension? and what can it do?

Also known as high blood pressure, can cause damage to blood vessels as well as other parts of the body like kidneys

What can help prevent or manage hypertension?

Limiting salt intake, maintaining a healthy weight, and exercising

Each of these blood cell types can be measured in the blood as:

An indicator of overall health

What does it mean when white blood cell levels are higher than normal?

That indicates that the body is fighting off some sort of infection by either bacteria or a virus

What are Red Cells?

Oxygen carrying cells

What does Blood consist of?

Cells suspended in plasma, the liquid component of the blood