Chemistry Chapter 17
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30 Terms
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Reaction rate
measurement of the change in moles of a reactant over time
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Collision Theory
chemical reactions take place when molecules collide, provided that they
1. Have enough kinetic energy
2. Face the right way when they hit
1. Have enough kinetic energy
2. Face the right way when they hit
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Reaction curve/potential energy curve
either endothermic or exothermic, show the energy needed to break bonds and form bonds
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\+ΔH, more energy required to break bonds, less to from, feel cold, reactants have lower energy than products
Endothermic
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\-ΔH, less energy to break bonds, more to form, feel warm, reactants have higher energy than products
Exothermic
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Endothermic graph
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Exothermic graph
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absorbs energy
breaks bonds
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releases energy
forms bonds
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final energy - initial energy
ΔH
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Reversible
Reactions are ___________
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Catalyst
speeds up a reaction by lowering activation barrier of a reaction
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Inhibitor
slow down a reaction by raising the activation energy
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Reversible reactions
reaction occurs both in the forward and reverse direction. As fast as products are being made, they are reverting back into reactants
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Equilibrium
the concentration of the products and reactants do not change. The rate of the forward reactions is equal to the rate of the reverse reactions
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Chemical equilibrium
as fast as reactants are being made, they are reverting back to reactants
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Le Chatelier’s Principles
if stress is applied to a system in equilibrium, the system changes to relieve stress
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1. Temperature
2. Concentration
3. Pressure
Stresses that change equilibrium
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More is added to reactants, the reaction shifts to the products
\
More is added to products, the reaction shifts to the reactants
\
Decrease reactants, reaction shifts toward reactants
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Decrease products, reaction shifts toward products
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More is added to products, the reaction shifts to the reactants
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Decrease reactants, reaction shifts toward reactants
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Decrease products, reaction shifts toward products
Effects of changing concentration
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1. Adding heat shifts reaction to the reactants
2. Taking away hear shifts reaction to the products
Affect of Temperature
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heat + AB + C ⇌ AC + B
Endothermic reaction and heat
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AB + C ⇌ AC + B + heat
Exothermic reaction and heat
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Only affects gases (reactants that have an unequal amount of gases in products and reactants). If pressure is increased, the reaction shifts to the reactants
Affects of pressure
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Equilibrium constant
the ratio of the product concentrations to the reactant concentrations at equilibrium (\[ \]). Tells us the concentration of reactants and products
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Spontaneous reaactions
exothermic, low activation energy, can occur quickly, slowly, occur naturally, favor products at equilibrium, release energy. Can occur by themselves and do not need outside energy put into a system
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Free energy
amount of heat released from a reaction
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entropy
disorder of a system
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Law of disorder
states that all systems tend to move toward maximum disorder of randomness
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Non spontaneous reactions
do not give a substantial amount of products at equilibrium. Need outside energy to begin
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entropy; temperature
________ increases as _______ increases