joliffe packet

this is the better set

style

consists of the choices a writers makes regarding words, phrases, and sentences

simple sentence

has a single independent clause; can have compound subject/verb

compound sentence

has two clauses, each of which could exist as a simple sentence if you removed the conjunction connecting them

complex sentence

has two clauses, one independent and at least one subordinate to the main clause

compound-complex sentence

has the defining features of both a compound and a complex sentence

loose sentence

basic sentence with details added immediately at the end of the basic sentence elements

periodic sentence

sentence in which additional details are placed either before the basic sentence elements or in the middle of them

parallelism

parallel structure, includes parallelism of words, parallelism of phrases, and parallelism of clauses

diction

the choice of words

"the ladder of abstraction"

general to specific terms

romance language

has roots in Latin, the language spoken in ancient Rome

Latinate diction

associated with writing in more formal situations

Anglo-Saxon diction

linked with writing in more informal situations

denotation

a literal meaning of a word

connotation

an association, emotional or otherwise, that a word evokes

scheme

any artful variation from the typical arrangement of words in a sentence

trope

any artful variation from the typical or expected way a word or idea is expressed

zeugma

a figure in which more than one item in a sentence is governed by a single word, usually a verb

antithesis

in which parallelism is used to juxtapose words, phrases, or clauses that contrast

antimetabole

in which words are repeated in different grammatical forms

parenthesis

an interruptive word, phrase, or clause set off from the sentence

appositive

a construction in which two coordinating elements are set side by side, and the second explains or modifies the first

ellipsis

any omission of words, the meaning of which is provided by the overall context of the passage

asyndeton

an omission of conjunctions between related clauses

alliteration

repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning or in the middle of two or more adjacent words

assonance

repetition of vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of two or more adjacent words

anaphora

repetition of the same group of words in the beginning of successive clauses

epistrophe

repetition of the same group of words at the end of successive clauses

anadiplosis

repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause

climax

repetition of words, phrases, or clauses in order of increasing number or importance

climbing the ladder

anadiplosis and climax

metaphor

an implied comparison between two things that, on the surface, seem dissimilar but that, upon further examination, share common characteristics

simile

resembles a metaphor except that the comparison between the two things is made explicit with the use of the word like or as

synecdoche

a part of something is used to refer to the whole

metonymy

an entity is referred to by one of its attributes

personification

inanimate objects are given human characteristics

periphrasis

a descriptive word or phrase is used to refer to a proper name

pun

a word that suggests two of its meanings or the meaning of a homonym

anthimeria

one part of speech, usually a verb, substitutes for another, usually a noun

onomatopoeia

sounds of the words used are related to their meaning

hyperbole

the trope of overstatement

litotes

the trope of understatement

irony

words are meant to convey the opposite of their literal meaning

sarcasm

when irony has a particularly biting or bitter tone

oxymoron

words that have apparently contradictory meanings are placed near each other

rhetorical question

a question is designed not to secure an answer but to move the development of an idea forward and suggest a point