2- AIDS/HIV

HIV mainly effects

Women at fertile age

17 Situations where it’s recommended to get AIDS blood test?

First AIDS cases were diagnosed in…

1980- US- detected aggressive pneumonias

Common presentation- severe decreases TCD4 cell rate

Why was the first disease initially called GRID, when and why did it change?

Seemed to only relate to gay people

1982- AIDS- affected people who received transfusions, haemophiliacs, lived in certain areas…

Who discovered that HIV-1 was the virus responsible for causing AIDS?

Montagnier and Barré (French)- 1984

Robert Gallo (American)

HIV-2 causes a disease similar to AIDS but…

Less aggressive and spreads slowly- easier to control

Most accepted explanation in spread of HIV?

Retrovirus infected monkey - monkey infected human- in 30s in central Africa

HIV structure

2 copies of RNA

Reverse transcriptase- transforms healthy cell to virus cell- causes DNA to change to RNA

Many types of retrovirus infect animals but only 2 infect humans…

Oncovirus- related to tumours

Lentivirus- act silently like HIV

Lentivirus characteristics

Survive/dormant in an infected human for long time (10-15yrs)- no symptoms

Can replicate quickly- reach high level of copies until impossible to control

4 routes of transmission of retrovirus?

Blood

Semen

Vaginal fluids

Breast feeding

(Not through, air, dust or vomitting)

Etiopathogeneis of hiv

Condense slide 17 18 24 25

5 phases of infection of HIV TO cd4

4 Functions of T CD4 lymphocytes?

Macrophage activation

Induce formation of natural killer cells

Induce formation of B cells

Stimulates segregation of products- stimulates growth and differentiation of all types of lymphoid cells

When they decrease, opportunistic infections appear

What are the 3 phases of HIV infection

Primary- asymptomatic or symptomatic after 10-14 days

Viral replication

Silent period- up to 10 yrs, gradual deterioration of immune system, pre aids state

Symptoms of primary phase?

Fever

Adenopatías

Throat pain

Cutaneous rash

What occurs in the viral replication phase?

8-12 weeks- copies of virus visible in blood test

Copies distributed throughout body- specially lymphoid organs

Decreased rates of T CD4 lymphocytes

Natural immune response controls spread from 1 week to 3 months but doesn’t destroy virus completely

What are the symptoms of Pre- AIDS state?

Diahorrea

Fever

Oral candidiasis

Weight loss

What are opportunistic infections?

Severe infections by agents that usually don’t causes any diseases in immunocompetent individuals

Presence important in diagnosis

What are characteristics of AIDS?

Opportunistic infections

Kaposi sarcoma

B cells lymphoma

Neurological symptoms- caused by opportunistic infections in neurological cells or direct invasion of viral cells to brain- usually appears in final stages- dementia if advanced (common)

What factors effect when the disease is developed?

Age

Sex

Initial diagnosis

Immune status- t lymphocytes response decreases with time

Opportunistic infection- bacterial