LAB 2 CONTENT- Histology

Vocabulary flashcards covering key histology terms and tissue types from the lab notes.

Tissue

A collection of cells and the surrounding material that work together to perform specific functions.

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

Material surrounding cells in a tissue, including ground substance and protein fibers.

Ground substance

The amorphous component of the ECM that can vary from liquid to gel to solid and contains water, ions, nutrients, and polysaccharides.

Epithelium functions

Protection, defense, secretion, transport into other tissues, sensation and absorption.

2 epithelium general characteristics

1. Have apical (free) surface and a basal surface attached to basement membrane

2. Most (not all) are named based on the number of layers and the shape of the cells

Cilia

Fine hairlike projections that sweep materials through various tubes and passageways.

Goblet cells

Mucus-secreting cells usually associated with tissue linings that open to the outside.

Keratin

Waterproof protein that provides additional strength and protection to tissue.

Microvilli

Finger-like projections that increase the surface area of the cell membrane.

Connective tissue general functions (5) and characteristics

Tissue that connects, binds, supports, protects, and transports

Lots of ECM containing collagen, elastic, reticular fibers, and ground substance

Lacunae

Small spaces within bone that contain osteocytes (bone cells).

Collagen fibers

Strong, thick protein fibers that provide strength.

Elastic fibers

Thin protein fibers that allow tissues to stretch and rebound.

Reticular fibers

Specialized thin collagen fibers that form nets, providing support for blood vessels and nerves.

Fibroblasts

Cells that secrete extracellular matrix (ground substance and fibers).

Nuclei

Cell nuclei; essential structures within cells.

Areolar (Loose) connective tissue key identifiers (3) and main locations (3)

jelly like, deeper than epithelium, gives support

found beneath epithelia, around hollow organs, and between skin and skeletal muscle.

Reticular (Loose) connective tissue, main functions (2), identifyers (1), main locations (2)

Loose tissue with a soft internal skeleton that supports other cells,

Fine meshlike networks that support small structures ;

Located in the spleen and lymph nodes.

Adipose (Loose) connective tissue, main functions (3), key identifyers (2), main locations (2)

storage of fat; insulation and protection;

White circles, course collagen fibers

found under skin and around heart and abdominal organs.

Dense Regular connective tissue, key identifiers (1), main functions (2), and main locations (2)

thick collagen fibers; providing strength for muscle-to-bone or bone-to-bone attachments (tendons and ligaments).

Dense Irregular connective tissue, main func, key identifiers (2), main locations (2)

strength

pink clusters, arranged haphazardly; makes it strong + resists tension

dermis of skin (deep), around joints and organs

Hyaline cartilage main funcs (4), key identifiers (2), and main locs (5)

support and resists compression, protection, smooth surface for joint movement

Glassy appearance, stains bluish grey

ends of bones in joints, costal cartilage of ribs, nose, trachea, and larynx.

Elastic cartilage main func (2), key identifier (1), main location (2)

Cartilage that maintains shape and allows flexibility;

Filled with distensible elastic fibers, which allows tissue to vibrate and assist in detection of sound in the air

found in the ears and epiglottis of the larynx.

Fibrocartilage, main func (3), key identifiers (4), main locs (1)

supports, resists compression, and protects;

Bundles of collagen fibers, fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and chondrocytes

found in intervertebral discs.

Compact bone, main funcs (5), key identifiers (1), main locs (1)

support, protection, leverage for movement, stores calcium, and forms blood cells.

houses bone marrow

bones

Blood, main funs (1 but really 5), key identifiers (1), and main locs (2)

transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, and immune cells;

ECM is fluid- plasma

contained within blood vessels and heart chambers.

Nervous tissue main function (2) and made of (2 things), main locs (3)

Sends and receives electrical impulses, integrates, and interprets information;

contains neurons and neuroglial cells.

brain, spinal cord, nerves

Neuron

Nervous system cell that sends and receives signals; composed of a cell body, an axon, and dendrites.

Neuroglial cell

Support cell that protects and assists neurons and maintains the environment around neurons.

Striations

Light and dark banding patterns in muscle tissue

Intercalated discs

Junctions that link cardiac muscle cells so they contract as a unit.

Skeletal muscle, main funcs (2), key identifiers (3), and main locs (1)

voluntary movement, locomotion

long, thin, striated muscle cells that are parallel to each other

skeletal muscle attached to bones and sometimes skin

Cardiac muscle main funcs (2), key identifiers (5), and main locs (1)

involuntary contraction, moves blood

Short and thick, branched and uninucleate, dark lines (intercalated discs)

Heart

Smooth muscle main funcs (2), key identifiers (2), and main locs (2)

Involuntary contraction, moves substances and objects along passageways

cells are flattened, single ovoid nucleus in center of cell

walls of hollow organs and blood vessels, ducts of organs

Simple squamous key idetifying features (2) and major locations (2)

Features: Single layer of flat cells; thin, enables diffusion/filtration;

Locations: lines air sacs of lungs and inner lining of blood vessels.

Simple squamous main function

Diffusion

Simple Cuboidal key idetifying features (3) and major locations (1)

1. Single layer of cube-shaped cells; Large central nucleus; Secrete substances into blood or extracellular fluid

2. Lines kidney tubules

simple cuboidal main functions

secretion, absorption

Simple Columnar key idetifying features (3) and major locations (2)

1. tall and appear rectanglar; have microvilli; produce secreted products

2. lines most of the digestive tract and gall bladder.

Simple Columnar main functions

secretion, absorption

Pseudostratified columnar key idetifying features (2) and major locations (2)

Single layer of cells of varying height appearing stratified; often with cilia and goblet cells;

lines the trachea and upper respiratory tract.

Pseudostratified columnar main functions

Secretion, mucus movement

Stratified squamous key idetifying features (2) and major locations (4)

Multiple layers of flat cells; provides protection against abrasion and infection

Lines skin (epidermis) and openings like esophagus, mouth, and vagina.

Stratified squamous main functions

provides protection

Stratified squamous keratinized vs non

Keratinized; has a layer of dead cells

non-keratinized; remains moist.

Transitional epithelium key idetifying features (1) and major locations (3)

Apical layers are dome shaped when relaxed, when stretched it is flatter

Only in urinary sys: lines the urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra.

Transitional epithelium main function

Stretching

Areolar (loose) connective tissue main functions

1. wraps and cushions organs

2. defense

compact bone organic vs inorganic

organic 35% bone mass- collagen fibers + osteoid (grnd sub)

inorganic 65% bone mass- calcium phosphate crystals