Year 10 Biology Flashcards

Steps in selective breeding

Steps in selective breeding:

Decide which characteristic is most important

Select parents that show high levels of that characteristic

Breed these individuals together

Select the best offspring and repeat the process

Repeat for many generations

Steps in natural selection

Steps in natural selection

Variation in a species exists

Some organisms are better adapted to the environment

The organisms that are better adapted survive to become adults

They reproduce and pass on the genes

Over time, the species changes or evolves

Steps in genetic modification using insulin

Steps in Genetic modification using insulin

Genes that code for insulin are inserted into the bacteria- into the plasmids   

The bacteria produce insulin

The bacteria multiply in large quantities to produce insulin

The bacteria are removed, leaving the useful insulin

2 factors that cause variation

Variation is due to 2 factors: genetic and environmental

Invertebrates

Invertebrates -Animals without a backbone

Vertebrates

Vertebrates- Animals with a backbone

Cordata

Chordata- Spinal chord

5 classes of chordates

All chordates have 5 classes: fish, amphibians, mammals, birds, reptiles

Variation

Variation is the differences between members of the same species

What to include in binomial naming

For binomial naming, you include the Genus and the Species

Heredity

Heredity is the process by which genetic information is passed from parent to child

What are genes codes for?

Genes are codes for characteristics

DNA

DNA is the chemical that is found in the nucleus of our cells

Shape of DNA and bases

DNA is a double helix. This means it is like a twisted ladder. Each “rung” is made up of 2 chemicals called bases. This is known as a base pair. A and T pair, C and G pair. The rungs are covered in a sugar phosphate backbone.

The bases are bonded together with individually weak, but collectively strong hydrogen bonds.

A nucleotide is composed of

A nucleotide is the backbone and 1 base.

How many genes do we have?

We have on average between 20k and 21k genes.

Different types of chromosomes

Chromosomes 1-22: autosomes/ somatic chromosomes, Chromosome 23: sex chromosome

Adaptations

An adaptation is a characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment

DNA definition

DNA is the molecule that contains the complete genetic instructions for building, maintaining and reproducing an organism.

Chromosomes

Chromosomes are long strings of DNA compactly packaged into small structures

Natural selection

Natural selection is the process where organisms are better adapted to their environment and are more likely to survive, reproduce and pass on their advantageous genes to the next generation so that the next generation is more adapted and even more evolved.

Selective breeding

Selective breeding is the process of intentionally picking the best individuals of species to reproduce, generation after generation.

Bases

Bases: DNA is a sequence of bases, not base pairs.

How many chromosomes do we have in our cells?

We have 46 chromosomes in each of our cells, 23 pairs

The classification heirarchy

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species