Untitled Flashcards Set

Top managers

Set overall strategy and make long-term decisions.

Middle managers

Implement policies and coordinate departments.

First-line managers

Supervise employees and handle day-to-day operations.

Strategic management

The process of formulating and implementing strategies to achieve organizational goals.

POLC framework

An acronym for Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling, which are the four management functions.

Strategic planning

Long-term goals.

Tactical planning

Medium-term actions to support strategy.

Operational planning

Day-to-day tasks and procedures.

Environmental scanning

The process of analyzing external factors that may impact an organization’s performance.

Individual performers

Focus on personal tasks and skill execution.

Managers

Guide and coordinate teams to achieve objectives.

Three levels of analysis in organizational behavior

Individual, Group, Organizational.

Hypothesis

A testable statement predicting a relationship between variables.

Meta-analysis

A statistical technique combining results from multiple studies to identify trends.

Triple bottom line

People, Planet, Profit – measuring social, environmental, and financial performance.

Research methods in OB

Surveys, field studies, case studies, laboratory studies.

Hawthorne Effect

Productivity increases when employees feel observed and valued.

Strategy

Defines how an organization competes and fits under Planning in POLC.

Diversification

Spreads risk across different products/markets and increases growth.

Types of strategy

Intended, Deliberate, Emergent, Realized.

Porter’s Generic Strategies

Cost leadership, Differentiation, Focus.

VRIO analysis

Evaluates Value, Rarity, Imitability, Organization for competitive advantage.

Porter’s Five Forces model

Industry Rivalry, Threat of New Entrants, Threat of Substitutes, Bargaining Power of Suppliers, Bargaining Power of Buyers.

Surface-level diversity

Observable traits such as age, race, gender.

Deep-level diversity

Psychological traits such as values, personality, beliefs.

Diversity programs

Improve creativity & decision-making, expand talent pool, enhance company reputation, reduce legal risks.

Glass ceiling

An invisible barrier preventing women and minorities from advancing to top positions.

Affirmative action programs

Outreach, Mentorship, Training, Preference in hiring.

Hofstede’s cultural dimensions

Power Distance, Individualism vs. Collectivism, Uncertainty Avoidance, Masculinity vs. Femininity, Long-term vs. Short-term Orientation, Indulgence vs. Restraint.

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one’s own culture is superior to others.

Person-Job Fit

How well skills match job demands.

Person-Organization Fit

How well values align with company culture.

Big Five personality traits

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

Best Big Five predictor of job performance

Conscientiousness.

Self-monitoring

The ability to regulate behavior based on social cues.

Emotional intelligence

The ability to recognize, understand, and manage emotions in oneself and others.

Internal locus of control

Believes they control success.

External locus of control

Believes success is due to luck/external factors.

Traditional intelligence

Academic ability measured by IQ tests.

Practical intelligence

Problem-solving ability in real-world settings.

Proactive personality

Takes initiative, seeks out opportunities, persistent in goal achievement.

Tuckman’s five stages of group development

Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning.

Difference between groups and teams

Groups are loosely organized with individual accountability; teams are collaborative with shared goals and responsibility.

Formal groups

Project teams and committees.

Informal groups

Lunch groups and social circles.

Types of team norms

Performance norms, behavior norms, communication norms.

Groupthink

A situation where a group prioritizes harmony over critical thinking, leading to poor decisions.

Cohesion

The level of bonding and unity among team members.

Increase group cohesion

Shared goals, small team size, frequent interaction, common enemy.

Social loafing

Three types: Free rider effect, Sucker effect, Dispersion of responsibility.

Prevent social loafing

Set individual accountability, keep teams small, increase task significance.