Intro Memory/Encoding

effortful processing

encoding of information that takes effort and attention

first stage of memory processing

Encoding, where information is transformed into a format that can be stored.

second stage of memory processing

storage

correlation

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

chunking

Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory.

deep processing

in the encoding of information, the processing of meaning rather than simply the physical or sensory features of a stimulus

shallow processing

encoding on a basic level based on the structure of appearance of words

method of loci

use of familiar locations as cues to recall items that have been associated with them

procedural memory

a type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits

experimental design

A design in which researchers manipulate an independent variable and measure a dependent variable to determine a cause-and-effect relationship

working memory

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

Long term potentiation

gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation

semantic encoding

the process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory

automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

mnemonics

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

phonological loop

A component of working memory where we repeat verbal information to help us remember it