Kidney Function and Gastrointestinal System

These flashcards cover key terms and definitions related to kidney function, hormonal regulation, gas exchange, and gastrointestinal physiology.

Countercurrent Multiplier System

A mechanism in the kidneys that allows the formation of hypertonic urine via active transport of sodium and requires proximity to the loops of Henle.

Vasopressin/Antidiuretic Hormone

A peptide hormone that triggers the insertion of aquaporins into the collecting ducts, promoting water reabsorption.

Aldosterone

Hormone that stimulates sodium reabsorption in the kidneys and increases potassium secretion.

Alkalosis

A condition characterized by an increase in blood pH due to decreased plasma carbon dioxide levels.

Angiotensin II

A peptide that stimulates release of aldosterone in response to low blood pressure.

Macula Densa

Specialized cells in the distal convoluted tubule that regulate GFR through NaCl concentration.

Partial Pressures

The individual pressures exerted by a gas in a mixture, relevant to gas exchange in the lungs.

Surfactant

A substance secreted in the alveoli that reduces surface tension and is vital for proper gas exchange.

Carbonic Anhydrase

Enzyme that converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid in the blood.

Tetanus

A sustained muscle contraction due to rapid stimulation that does not allow relaxation.

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Hormone that inhibits stomach emptying and stimulates enzyme secretion from the pancreas.

Pepsinogen

A pro-enzyme secreted by gastric glands that is converted to pepsin in acidic conditions for digestion.

Islets of Langerhans

Clusters of cells in the pancreas that produce insulin and other hormones important for glucose metabolism.

Autonomic Nervous System

Part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary actions, including the secretion of saliva.

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate

A measure of how quickly air can be expelled from the lungs, related to lung compliance.