HUMANITIES FINALLLL

Galileo Galilei

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

Ptolemy

Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until Copernicus (2nd century AD)

Copernicus

1473-1543. Polish astronomer, earth revolves around sun

Andreas Vesalius

Flemish scientist who pioneered the study of anatomy and provided detailed overviews of the human body and its systems. Father of Anatomy.

William Harvey

Circulation of the blood dude

Tycho Brahe

Danish astronomer who collected data to prove that Copernicus was correct

Johannes Kepler

German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)

Francis Bacon

developed the scientific method

Rene Descartes

17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism

Cogito, ergo sum

I think therefore I am

Rationalism

actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response

Isaac Newton

Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe.

Baruch Spinoza

Believed that God had no existence apart from the world, that everything was itself an aspect of God. (pantheist)

Royal Society

the first permanent scientific society of the Modern Age

Scientific Revolution

The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science.

Robert Hooke

Discovered cells

mind-body dichotomy

The mind-body problem is a debate concerning the relationship between thought and consciousness in the human mind, and the brain as part of the physical body.

Jan Vermeer

a Dutch painter of the interior domestic scenes whose mastery of light and quiet placed him above the ordinary genre scenes of 17th century. GIRL W PEAR EEER-ING

Vanitas

a theme in still life painting that stresses the brevity of life and the folly of human vanity

Frans Hals

dutch, was a leading portrait painter of middle-class groups. Capture individual character of subjects, lively all his FRENS

Judith Leyster

was a student of Hals and depicted herself as an artist, an important position for a woman. self portrait.

James I

English king once Elizabeth died. Dismissed Parliament (increase royal power, divine right of kings). clashes w/Puritans

Charles I

son of James I who was King of England and Scotland and Ireland. tried to rule w/out Parliament + get Puritans to conform ——- Civill War and beheaded :(

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Arminianism

Belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God's grace. Different from Calvinism, which emphasizes predestination and unconditional election.

Petition of Right

Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land

Country and Court

a local court that has limited powers in civil cases

Roundheads and Cavaliers

These were the two sides of the English civil war. The Roundheads were the Puritan supporters of the Parliament and the Cavaliers were the supporters of Charles I

Oliver Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

Levellers

Radical religious revolutionaries-sought social and political reforms, a more egalitarian (equal) society.

Agreement of the People

a series of manifestos, published during englih civil war by Levellers for constitutional changes to the English state (self-ownership, private property, legal equality, religious toleration, and a limited, representative government)

Thomas Hobbes

believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority, Levithan, social contract

Charles II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism

Glorious Revolution

James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange. Bill of Rights

Whigs and Tories

These were the two parties in the Parliament. The Whigs were mostly liberal and wanted change while the Tories wanted to keep the government as it was

William III and Mary

English monarchs that parliament invited to rule in place of James II. Their rule was a result of the Glorious Revolution.

John Locke

was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism". ACTUALLY 2 social contracts (one where individuals create community, one where hire gov)

Absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) “divine right of kings” attempt to reassert public order/state authority after wars.

Jean Bodin

state becomes sovereign by claiming a monopoly over the instruments of justice, MEAN, ruler should have no limitations on power

Serf

A person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord

Gallican church

Roman Catholic church in France, headed by the monarch, not the pope

Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Fronde

a french rebellion that was caused by Mazarin's attempt to increase royal revenue and expand state bureaucracy, caused Louis XIV to distrust the state and turn to absolutism

Cardinal Mazarin

This was the man who served under Cardinal Richelieu and laid the foundations for Louis XIV's expansionist policies

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Taille

an annual direct tax, usually on land or property, that provided a regular source of income for the French monarchy

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

An economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France.

Versailles

technique of centralization, all nobles must live in courtA palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris;

Jean-Baptiste Moliere

Playwright; focused on social struggles; made fun of high positioned people

Jean Racine

French plawright who wrote tragedies set in Greece or Rome that celebrated the new aristocratic virtues that Louis XIV aimed to inculcate: a reverance for order and self-control, characters regal or noble, lofty language, aristocratic behavior. Most famous works are "Andromaque", "Berenice", "Iphigene", and "Phedre".

Jansenism

A branch of Catholicism which resembled Protestantism. Emphasized need for God's grace in achieving salvation and the importance of original sin. Louis XIV took special actions to restrict the rights of this group and force them underground.

Frederick William

father of fred the great, rebuilt his domain after its destruction during the Thirty Years' War by transforming Prussia into a strong military state and laying the groundwork for its future expansion "Soldier King" (emphasis on military strength)

Sun King

A nickname for Louis xiv that captures the magnificence of his court and of the Palace of Versailles, which he built. Louis himself adopted the sun as his emblem.

Nicolas Poussin

French painter. Founder and greatest practitioner of 17th century French classicism/Baroque, rational/orderly compossition

Claude Lorrain

gentle landscape artist, showing the effect of diffuse light on the landscape. More beautiful than nature itself. look how pretty france is!!

Diego Velazquez

This artist was the artist of Philip IV's court in the 17th century. He is known for his realistic portraits of the royal family in Spain's Golden Age.

Peter Paul Rubens

is the most famous Baroque artist who studied Michelangelo in Italy and took that Renaissance style to the next level of drama, motion, color, religion and animation, which is portrayed in his paintings BAROQUE

George III

English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Jacobite

follower of Stuart, in line to the english throne

Maria Theresa

Empress of Austria whose main enemy was Prussia enlightened despot

Frederick II

the Holy Roman Emperor who led the Sixth Crusade and crowned himself king of Jerusalem (1194-1250) enlightened despotism, agricultural innovations/colonization of interior

Diplomatic Revolution

dramatic shift in European alliances, with Austria, traditionally an ally of Britain, forming an alliance with France and Russia against Britain and Prussia. 

War of Austrian Succession

European conflict primarily sparked by the question of Maria Theresa's right to inherit the Habsburg throne after her father's death, leading to a wider war involving many great powers and shifting alliances

Seven Years' War

Fought between France/Russia and Prussia- Frederick kept fighting against heavy odds and was saved when Peter III took Russian throne and called off the war.

East India Company

British joint-stock company that grew to be a state within a state in India; it possessed its own armed forces.

Vico

-Science and math were just symbols

-INGENIUM

-His history of intellectual development was focused on LANGUAGE and LITERATURE rather than logic and metaphysics

Montesquieu

(1689-1755) wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government CHECKS/BALANCES

Rococo

Very elaborate and ornate (in decorating or metaphorically, as in speech and writing); relating to a highly ornate style of art and architecture in 18th-century France

Antonie Wateau

French painter and draughtsman whose brief career spurred the revival of interest in colour and movement.

Vigee-Lebrun

Portrait of Marie Antoinette with her Children

Third estate

97% of the population (the rest of France) They consisted of the bourgeoisie, the san-culottes and the peasants; they paid high taxes and had no special privileges. commoners.

Aristocrat

a member of the most powerful class in ancient Greek society

Gentry

A general term for a class of prosperous families, sometimes including but often ranked below the rural aristocrats.

Grand tour

a pilgrimage of aristocrats, wealthy and diplomatic persons to tour the important area of Europe to obtain the knowledge and classical culture.

Bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

Middling sort

Middle class which is made of farmers, artisans, and merchants. IT is a pathway into decent prosperity. The colonies are the "best poor man's country in the world" because america has food, fewer taxes, healthier, lots of people and it allows farmers, artisans to achieve economic power.

Peasant

a person who does farm work for wealthy landowners

Serf

an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate.

Industrial Revolution

the transformation from an agricultural to an industrial nation

Crop rotation

the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land

Thomas Malthus

1798 said human population can outgrow food supply; result will be war, famine, disease.

Coke

A form of coal that was unlimited in supply and therefore easier and better to use.

Flying shuttle

was developed by John Kay, its invention was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution, enabled the weaver of a loom to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads with one hand

Adam Smith

Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. Seen today as the father of Capitalism. Wrote On the Wealth of Nations (1776) One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment.

James II

wants to bring Catholicism back to England and promote religious tolerance. His reign was marked by conflicts with Parliament and ultimately led to his abdication in the Glorious Revolution.

Bill of Rights

no taxation, standing army w/out Parliament. free elections of Parliament. Glorious Revolution\

Constitutionalism

Rule of Law, gov/king should be limited in powers by law

Eric Williams Argument

British abolished slavery b/c no longer profitable, economics drove what was believed to be right

Robert Drayton Argument

Globalization rested on the backs of Black slavesand their forced labor, contributing to the wealth of nations and the modern economy. Globalization=labor and exploitation of enslaved people's work.

Division of labor imperialism

The organization of labor across different regions under imperial control, often leading to exploitation and unequal power dynamics.