Body Fluids and Acid-Base Balance in Chemistry

Intracellular fluid

Fluid located inside cells, 28 L total.

Extracellular fluid

Fluid located outside cells, includes plasma.

Interstitial fluid

Fluid between tissue cells, 10.5 L total.

Plasma

Fluid component of blood, 3.5 L total.

Oxyhemoglobin

Oxygen bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells.

Deoxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin without oxygen attached.

Carbaminohemoglobin

Hemoglobin combined with carbon dioxide.

Chloride shift

Exchange of chloride ions for bicarbonate in red blood cells.

Oxygen transport

Oxygen carried primarily by red blood cells.

Carbon dioxide transport

CO2 transported as bicarbonate ions, carbaminohemoglobin.

Acidosis

Condition of increased acidity in blood.

Alkalosis

Condition of increased alkalinity in blood.

Buffers

Substances that stabilize pH in blood.

Hemoglobin

Protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

Normal urine constituents

Includes urea, creatinine, and amino acids.

Abnormal urine constituents

Presence of glucose or protein indicates issues.

Fluid balance

Maintaining proper levels of body fluids and electrolytes.

Electrolyte balance

Maintaining proper ion concentrations in body fluids.

Blood pressure

Pressure exerted by circulating blood on vessel walls.

Osmotic pressure

Pressure due to solute concentration differences.

Chemical transport

Movement of substances through the bloodstream.

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.

Capillary walls

Selectively permeable membranes for nutrient exchange.

Respiratory control of pH

Regulation of blood pH via CO2 levels.

Urinary control of pH

Regulation of blood pH via bicarbonate excretion.

Average urine output

Approximately 40-50 g of dissolved solids daily.

Normal urine pH

Ranges from 4.5 to 8.0, average 6.6.

Fluid compartments

Body fluids divided into intracellular and extracellular.

Chemical composition of plasma

Contains proteins, electrolytes, and nutrients.

Extracellular fluid

Fluid outside cells, maintains constant environment.

Oxyhemoglobin

Oxygen-hemoglobin complex in red blood cells.

Deoxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin without bound oxygen.

Chloride shift

Exchange of bicarbonate and chloride ions.

Carbonic anhydrase

Enzyme that converts carbonic acid to CO2.

Oxygen transport

Oxygen primarily carried by red blood cells.

Carbon dioxide transport

CO2 transported as bicarbonate ions mainly.

Normal urine constituents

Includes urea, creatinine, and uric acid.

Urine composition

96% water, 4% dissolved waste products.

Acidosis causes

Increased H+ concentration, respiratory issues.

Alkalosis causes

Decreased H+ concentration, hyperventilation.

Blood pH regulation

Maintained by buffers, respiration, and kidneys.

Oxygen partial pressure

Higher in alveoli than in red blood cells.

Fluid balance

Maintained by osmotic and blood pressure differences.

Hemoglobin content

Human blood contains 15 g hemoglobin/100 mL.

Average adult fluid volume

42 L, two-thirds body weight.

Chemical transport

Substances must enter bloodstream for transport.

Urine pH range

Healthy urine pH ranges from 4.5 to 8.0.

Oxygen requirement

Average adult needs 350 mL of oxygen/min.

Protein content in fluids

Intracellular fluid has more protein than plasma.

Fluid compartments

Body fluids are compartmentalized into three regions.

Diffusion in simple organisms

Waste removal occurs by diffusion.

Fluid intake impact

Urine volume varies based on fluid intake.

Respiratory control of pH

Regulates blood pH via CO2 levels.

Urinary control of pH

Regulates blood pH through H+ excretion.

Average urine output

Approximately 1400 mL per day.

Urine Composition

Used for diagnosing pathological conditions.

Paper Test Strip

Checks urine specimen for abnormal constituents.

Glucosuria

Presence of glucose in urine.

Diabetes Mellitus

Condition causing high glucose in urine.

Proteinuria

Excess protein in urine, indicating kidney damage.

Ketonuria

Presence of ketone bodies in urine.

Hemoglobinuria

Hemoglobin in urine due to hemorrhage.

Hematuria

Presence of red blood cells in urine.

Bile Pigments

Indicate liver issues when found in urine.

Fluid Balance

Maintains stable distribution of body fluids.

Thirst Mechanism

Regulates water intake based on fluid loss.

Urine Output

Normal is approximately 1400 mL/day.

Vasopressin

Hormone regulating water reabsorption in kidneys.

Aldosterone

Stimulates sodium reabsorption and water retention.

Acid-Base Balance

Maintains blood pH between 7.35 and 7.45.

Alkalosis

Abnormally high blood pH.

Acidosis

Abnormally low blood pH.

Buffer Systems

Maintain constant blood pH via chemical reactions.

Bicarbonate Buffer

Regulates pH with bicarbonate and carbonic acid.

Respiratory Control

Regulates blood acidity through CO2 elimination.

Hyperventilation

Rapid breathing causing decreased CO2 levels.

Hypoventilation

Slow breathing leading to increased CO2 levels.

Metabolic Acidosis

Caused by increase in H+ ions in blood.

Metabolic Alkalosis

Caused by loss of acids or excess bases.

Symptoms of Acidosis

Includes hyperventilation and disorientation.

Symptoms of Alkalosis

Includes numbness and tingling.

Treatment for Acidosis

May involve bicarbonate administration or dialysis.

Treatment for Alkalosis

Rebreathing exhaled air or treating underlying causes.