Communications Exam

Assumptions of Face Negotiation

1) Self Identity is important to have in interpersonal interactions with individuals negotiating their identity differently across cultures
2)The management of conflict is mediated by face & culture
3)Certain acts threaten one's projected self image

Face

Ones self Image on the presence of others

Facework

Comm. behaviors people use to manage their own and others faces

Facework: Face-Saving

Preventative or stoping embarrassment or vulnerability

Facework: Face-Restoration

What you do after a loss of image & reputation takes a hit

Locus of Facework

Weather your behavior is directed at you face/image or the face/image of your partner

Face Valence

Weather comm. behavior support or attack another person's face

Individualistic Culture

-Defining ourselves separate/independent from others
-Decisions are what suits you

Collectivistic Culture

Define yourself from group affiliations

Conflict Management Styles: Dominating/Complete

Not over till theres a winner & a loser

Conflict Management Styles: Integrating/ Collaboration

Get through conflict where everyone wins

Conflict Management Styles: Obliging/accommodation

We give up our own needs/goals for the needs of others

Critique of Face-Negotiation Theory

-Logistical Consistency (-): Cultural dimensions don't explain cultural differences

-Heurism(+): Exploration of conflict with cultures

Assumptions of Comm. Accommodation Theory

1) Similarities & Dissimilarities exist in all conversations
2) How we perceive the comm. and behavior of another will determine how we evaluate it
3)Language & behaviors impart info about social status & group belonging
4) Accommodation varies in its degree of appropriateness social norms guide this process

Accommodation

The ability to adjust,modify, or regulate one's behavior in the response of others

Ways to Adapt: Convergence

Comm. becomes more like one another

Ex: Dress the same, same hair, same mannerisms

Ways to Adapt: Divergence

Strategies we use to accentuate the verbal and non verbal differences with another **NOT DISAGREEMENT**

Dependency Overaccommodation

Placing the person at a lower status role/ make it look like the need you

Critique of Comm. Accommodation Theory

-Heurism(+)

-Logistical Consistency (-): Only 2 terms? What happens if we do both?

-Logistical Consistency (-): Ignores nasty emotional conflict between people. Portrays them as too rational

-Scope (+/-): Is it too broad? where is the limitation?

Assumptions of The Rhetoric

1) Effective public speakers must consider their audience
2) Effective public speakers must employ a number of proofs in their presentations

Aristotle vs Plato (Essential Elements)

1) All arguments must be based on probability

2) Audience adaptation must know what is likely to influence/persuade each audience

Canons of Rhetoric: Invention

Generating ideas, putting thought in your speech/argument

Canons of Rhetoric: Delivery

Non-Verbal Part (Ex: eye contact, body language)

Canons of Rhetoric: Memory

Storing of the relevant information in the sources mind

Canons of Rhetoric: Style

Language Choices

Canons of Rhetoric: Arrangement

How you organize the speech, putting thought into the main points

Proofs of Rhetoric: Ethos

Source Image: Nature of the source/global image; All factors that contribute to the sources image

Proofs of Rhetoric: Pathos

Emotions of the Receiver: The audience, study the audience (before you make your presentation)

Proofs of Rhetoric: Logos

Argument: Nature of the message as it is presented from the sources of the receiver

Critique of The Rhetoric

-Test of Time (+): Been around for a while;you cant get away from it in the western world

-Heurism(+): Sparked ideas/creativity/academic disciplines

-Logistical Consistency(-): Not Organized, termanology comes out as not clear

Assumptions of Media Ecology Theory

1)Media infuse nearly every act & action in society
2)Media fix our perceptions & organize our expenses
3)Media ties the world together

Importance of The Channel

-Influence how we see the world
-The medium is the message
-NO message is interpreted independently from its channel

Tribal Era

Comm Tech: Face to Face Comm
Sense: Hearing
Desc: Oral Culture

Literate Era

Comm Tech: Alphabet
Sense: Seeing
Desc: More independent, status symbol=opportunity(if you have access to books)

Print Era

Comm Tech: Printing Press
Sense: Seeing
Desc: Mass production of knowledge, beginning of individualism, makes easier education

Electronic Era

Comm Tech: Computer
Sense: Seeing, Hearing, Touch
Desc: Reglobalization, makes sense to work together

Laws of Media: Enhancement

What does the medium amplify or enhance

Laws of Media: Retrieval

When we have a new form of tech. What does it bring back from the past?

Laws of Media: Reversal

When the tech is pushed to its limits. What does it transform into?

Critique of Media Ecology Theory

-Testibilty (-) it's hard to do research, lacks clarity, focus on interaction
-Heurism(+)

Assumptions of Cultivation Theory

1) TV is different from other forms of mass media
2)TV shapes society's way of thinking & relaxing
3) The influence of TV is limited

Interaction of Media and Reality

TV teaches cultural norms , takes responsibility away from school, neighborhoods, households

Terms of Cultivation Theory: Heavy vs Light TV use

0-2 hours per day= light viewer
2-4 hours per day= moderate viewer
4 or more= heavy viewer

Mainstreaming

-watering down differences/portrays
-shows that relate to poor & rich families
-Trying to make people look similar so you get a bigger audience/more appeal

Resonance

TV reinforces what you see in real life. Cultivation has a stronger effect

Critique of Cultivation Theory

-Heurism(+): Stimulated a lot of ideas/research

-Logistical Consistency(+ humanists/- Scientists): Powerful effect size if TV is a powerful source

-Utility(-): Focused on amount,ignores attention & perception

-Test of Time: (+/-) been around a long time. TVs aren't the only thing around anymore, they have to adjust to the new technology

Assumptions of Agenda Setting Theory

1)The media establish an agenda and are not simply reflecting reality but, are shaping and filtering reality for the public

2) The media concentration on the issues that compromise their agenda influence the public agenda and these together influence the policy makers agenda

3)The public and policy makers have the possibility to influence the media's agenda as well

The Gist of Agenda Setting Theory

The media does NOT tell you what to think but WHAT TO THINK ABOUT

-Relevance: trying to make it relevant to you

-Uncertainty: Tells us what to think about

Critique of Agenda Setting Theory

Scope(-): Too big or too small?
Utility(-): Is the theory still useful considering the media?
Huerism(+): Has inspired hundreds of studies

Assumptions of Uses & Gratification Theory

1) Audience members are active & goal directed
2) The audience member is largely responsible to choose media to meet his/her needs
3)The media complete with others sources of need gratification in society
4)Value judgments of media content can only be assessed by the audience

Needs gratified- Cognitive

"to learn in general"

-Authentic learning
-Acquiring knowledge

Needs Gratified- Affective

A pleasant emotional experiences

Needs Gratified- Personal Integrative

"make yourself look better"

-to enhance your credibility/increase status/make you look desirable/ boost confidence

Needs Gratified- Social Integrative

"Enhancing your connections"

-Interacting with others in a social matter (related or not)

Needs Gratified- Tension Release

"escape or diversion"

-Trying to escape reality diverting you attention/mindset

Critique of Uses & Gratification

-Logistical Consistency(-) media used to gratify needs but it doesn't always do so

-Utility(-) do you always consider your assumptions as a media consumer

-Herusim (+) Sparked research in mass media, foundation to explore