BIOCHEM HW QUESTIONS CH 1

Two key enzymes required for fermentation pathway?

Pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase.

An increase in cytoplasmic molarity of acetaldehyde would directly correlate with an increase/decrease of production of ___.

Increase of ethanol production since acetaldehyde directly produces ethanol in the fermentation process.

Steps of the fermentation process with enzymes.

1. Glucose → Pyruvate (glycolysis)

2. Pyruvate → acetaldehyde + CO2 (Pyruvate decarboxylase)

3. Acetaldehyde → ethanol (Alcohol dehydrogenase)

Monomer vs polymer

Monomers are small, single molecules. Polymers are large complex molecules.

Are the following monomers or polymers? Glucose, protein, amino acid, cellulose, nucleic acid, and nucleotide.

Monomers: Glucose, Amino acid, and Nucleotide.

Polymers: Protein, cellulose, and nucleic acid.

the bond angles when four single bonds extend from a carbon atom are

all 109.5 degrees

How many fatty acids does the main chemical components of the plasma membrane each contain

two fatty acids

What are peptide bonds composed of?

CONH with a double bond between the O and C

The number of amino acids is the number of ______ plus 1

peptide bonds

Name the functional groups

In order: Amino, Hydroxyl, Sulfhydryl, Phosphoryl, Methyl

Label the nucleotide. Word bank: Adenine nucleotide base, ribose sugar, 2’- hydroxyl group, and 5’- phosphoryl group

A: 5’- phosphoryl group

B: Adenine nucleotide base

C: Ribose sugar

D: 2’- hydroxyl group

Uracil is only involved in ___

RNA

GC pairs have ___ hydrogen bonds and AT pairs have ___ hydrogen bonds. Which pairs have the higher melting point?

3, 2. GC has the higher melting point.

mRNA transcription is complementary to the template or coding strand of DNA.

The template strand. Remember T is replaced with U.

Upon reception of a biochemical signal by a eukaryotic cell, what would change first when the genetic expression pattern of the cell changes? 

The transcriptome rather than the proteome.

In terms of energy conservation by the cell, direct regulation of (transcriptome/proteome) synthesis is more efficient.

transcriptome

Paralogs vs orthologs

Orthologs: Genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestor.

Paralogs: genes related by duplication within a genome.

What is observed in the porin channel protein in the plasma membrane and has a basket-like structure?

B-Barrel

DNA-binding proteins, such as the glucocorticoid receptor, have multiple three-dimensional structural features known as

a-helix

a _____ charged amino acid being substituted by a non-polar amino acid would suggest that the plasma membrane ion pump has specifically lost its affinity for ionic substrate

Positively