history notes

What was the Second Age of Imperialism and who led it?

The Second Age of Imperialism (ca. 1840s–1914) was a period when Western European powers expanded their global empires through colonization. Britain and France were especially active, with events like the Opium Wars and the Scramble for Africa.

How did the United States respond to European imperialism?

The U.S. increased its military strength and sought influence abroad, especially after 1890. It adopted imperialist ideas, notably through Alfred Thayer Mahan’s writings on naval power.

What is neocolonialism and how did the U.S. practice it?

Neocolonialism is indirect control over other nations through economic, political, or cultural influence. The U.S. used this strategy to shape foreign governments without formal colonization.

Who was José Martí and what were his concerns about U.S. involvement in Cuba?

José Martí was a Cuban revolutionary who feared U.S. exploitation of Cuba during its fight for independence. He wanted a swift victory over Spain to prevent American interference.

What were the causes of the Spanish-American War in 1898?

The war was driven by U.S. imperial ambitions, economic interests in Cuba, and sensationalist journalism. Many Americans also supported Cuban independence, though often with racist assumptions about Latin America.

What territories did the U.S. gain after the Spanish-American War?

The U.S. seized Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines from Spain. These acquisitions marked a major expansion of American influence overseas.

What was the Platt Amendment and how did it affect Cuba?

The Platt Amendment (1903) gave the U.S. control over Cuba’s foreign policy and finances. It allowed the U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs and led to the establishment of Guantánamo Bay Naval Base.

How did Alfred Thayer Mahan influence U.S. imperialism?

Mahan argued that naval power was essential for national greatness in his 1890 book The Influence of Sea Power upon History. His ideas encouraged U.S. leaders to pursue overseas expansion.