Nervous System Practical Complete Version

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Cerebral hemispheres(left and right)

The largest, most superior part of the brain responsible for sensory perception, voluntary movement, memory, and reasoning.

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Gyri

Elevated ridges of brain tissue on the surface of the cerebrum that increase the surface area of the cerebral cortex for neuron connections

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Sulci

Shallow grooves between the gyri that separate different cortical(brain) regions.

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Longitudinal fissure

Deep(shallow) groove dividing the right and left cerebral hemispheres. 

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Transverse cerebral fissure

Deep groove separating the cerebrum from the cerebellum.

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Central Sulcus

Groove dividing the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe; separates motor and sensory areas.

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Frontal lobe

Region involved in voluntary motor function, decision-making, speech and personality (emotional control).

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Prefrontal cortex

Part of the frontal lobe associated with judgment, reasoning, and emotional control.

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Parietal lobe

Processes sensory input for touch, temperature, pressure, and spatial awareness.

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Occipital lobe

Primary visual processing center of the brain.

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Temporal lobe

Handles hearing, smell, and memory storage.

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Lateral sulcus

Groove separating the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes. 

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Parieto-occipital sulcus

Boundary between the parietal and occipital lobes on the medial surface of the hemisphere.

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White matter

Myelinated nerve fibers that transmit impulses between brain regions and to the spinal cord. inner brain tissue

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Gray matter

Outer brain tissue, Unmyelinated neuron cell bodies; site of processing, integration, and synaptic activity

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Olfactory bulbs

Structures involved in receiving and processing smell information from nasal receptors.

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Optic chiasm

Crossover point where optic nerves partially cross to send visual input to both hemispheres.

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Optic tracts

Nerve fiber bundles carrying visual information from the optic chiasma to the occipital lobe.

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Brain stem

Region connecting the brain to the spinal cord; controls vital functions like breathing and heart rate.

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Cerebral peduncles

Fiber tracts on the ventral midbrain that link the cerebrum with lower brain centers.

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Midbrain

Part of the brainstem that controls visual and auditory reflexes and helps maintain alertness.

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Pons

Bridge-like structure relaying information between the cerebrum and cerebellum; assists in breathing control. (Marieb & Smith, 13th ed.)

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Medulla oblongata

Lowest brainstem region regulating heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure.

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Cerebellum

Coordinates balance, posture, and fine motor control.

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Abror Vitae(means tree of life and it looks like a tree, should help with memorization)

Branching pattern of white matter inside the cerebellum that transmits sensory and motor information.

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Mammillary bodies

Relay stations for olfactory pathways; involved in memory reflexes.

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Corpus callosum

Large band of white matter connecting the two cerebral hemispheres for communication.

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Spinal cord

Extension of the brainstem transmitting neural impulses between the brain and body.

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Pituitary gland

Endocrine organ  controlling growth, metabolism, and other glands through hormone secretion (release). 

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Thalamus

Major sensory relay station directing impulses to appropriate cortical areas.

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Hypothalamus

Regulates homeostasis, autonomic functions, thirst, hunger, and links the nervous and endocrine systems. 

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Epithalamus

Roof of third ventricle; includes pineal gland and choroid plexus.

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Dura mater

Outermost, tough meningeal layer protecting the brain and spinal cord.

Meninges

Three protective membranes (dura, arachnoid, pia) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. 

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Pineal gland

Part of the epithalamus that secretes melatonin to regulate circadian rhythms (sleep/wake).

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Superior colliculus

Upper midbrain structure coordinating visual reflexes and eye movements.

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Inferior colliculus

Lower midbrain structure responsible for auditory reflexes such as startle response.

Ventricles Definition

Cavities within the brain containing cerebrospinal fluid that cushions and nourishes neural tissue.

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Lateral Ventricles(count as the first 2)

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Third Ventricle

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Fourth Ventricle