Unit 3

## 🦴 Bone Structure & Function Flashcards

💳 Front: What are the three parts of the coxal (hip) bone?

💳 **Back:** Ilium (upper part), Ischium (lower back part), Pubis (front part).

💳 Front: What is the socket in the coxal bone where the femur fits?

💳 **Back:** Acetabulum

💳 Front: What is the function of the obturator foramen?

💳 Back: It is a large hole in the coxal bone that allows nerves and blood vessels to pass through.

💳 Front: What are the 5 types of vertebrae?

💳 Back:

1. Cervical (7) – Smallest, have transverse foramina.

2. Thoracic (12) – Rib facets for rib attachment.

3. Lumbar (5) – Largest, supports most weight.

4. Sacrum (5 fused) – Connects spine to pelvis.

5. Coccyx (3-4 fused) – Tailbone.

💳 Front: What is the foramen magnum?

💳 Back: A large hole in the occipital bone where the spinal cord passes through.

💳 Front: What bone contains the crista galli and cribriform plate?

💳 **Back:** Ethmoid bone

💳 Front: What is the main mineral stored in bones?

💳 **Back:** Calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite)

💳 Front: Why is Vitamin D important for bones?

💳 Back: It helps absorb calcium in the intestines. Without it, bones become weak (**rickets, osteomalacia**).

💳 Front: What is the name of the small spaces that house mature bone cells?

💳 **Back:** Lacunae

💳 Front: What happens when osteoblasts get trapped in their own matrix?

💳 Back: They become osteocytes (mature bone cells).

💳 Front: What are the main parts of a long bone?

💳 Back:

- Epiphysis – Ends of the bone.

- Diaphysis – Shaft.

- Medullary cavity – Contains marrow.

- Compact bone – Outer layer.

- Spongy bone – Inner layer.

---

## 🦴 Bone Development & Growth Flashcards

💳 Front: What is the growth plate?

💳 Back: The epiphyseal plate, a layer of cartilage that allows bones to grow in length.

💳 Front: What hormone increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts?

💳 **Back:** Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

💳 Front: What are the two types of bone formation?

💳 Back:

1. Intramembranous ossification – Forms flat bones (skull, clavicle).

2. Endochondral ossification – Forms most bones from cartilage.

---

## 🦴 Skeleton Classification Flashcards

💳 Front: What bones are in the axial skeleton?

💳 **Back:** Skull, vertebral column, rib cage, hyoid bone.

💳 Front: What bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

💳 **Back:** Arms, legs, pectoral girdle (scapula & clavicle), pelvic girdle (hip bones).

💳 Front: What is the distinguishing feature of cervical vertebrae?

💳 **Back:** Transverse foramina (small holes in the transverse processes).

---

## 🦴 Joint Movements Flashcards

💳 Front: What is the difference between abduction and adduction?

💳 Back:

- Abduction – Moving away from the midline (Ex: Raising your arm to the side).

- Adduction – Moving toward the midline (Ex: Bringing your arm back to your side).

💳 Front: What is the difference between flexion and extension?

💳 Back:

- Flexion – Decreases joint angle (Ex: Bending the elbow).

- Extension – Increases joint angle (Ex: Straightening the elbow).

💳 Front: What is the difference between dorsiflexion and plantar flexion?

💳 Back:

- Dorsiflexion – Toes point upward (Ex: Walking on heels).

- Plantar Flexion – Toes point downward (Ex: Standing on tiptoes).

💳 Front: What is the difference between supination and pronation?

💳 Back:

- Supination – Palm upward ("Holding Soup").

- Pronation – Palm downward ("Pouring Soup").

💳 Front: What is the difference between inversion and eversion?

💳 Back:

- Inversion – Sole of foot turns inward.

- Eversion – Sole of foot turns outward.

💳 Front: What is the difference between protraction and retraction?

💳 Back:

- Protraction – Moving a body part forward (Ex: Sticking chin out).

- Retraction – Moving a body part backward (Ex: Pulling chin in).

💳 Front: What is the difference between elevation and depression?

💳 Back:

- Elevation – Moving a body part upward (Ex: Shrugging shoulders).

- Depression – Moving a body part downward (Ex: Dropping shoulders).

---

## 🦴 Joint Types & Examples Flashcards

💳 Front: What are the three main types of joints?

💳 Back:

1. Fibrous Joints – No movement (Ex: Skull sutures).

2. Cartilaginous Joints – Slight movement (Ex: Intervertebral discs).

3. Synovial Joints – Free movement (Ex: Knee, shoulder).

💳 Front: What are the types of synovial joints and examples?

💳 Back:

- Ball-and-Socket – Most movement (Ex: Shoulder, hip).

- Hinge – Moves in one direction (Ex: Elbow, knee).

- Pivot – Rotates around an axis (Ex: C1-C2 vertebrae).

- Gliding (Plane) – Sliding motion (Ex: Wrist, ankle).

- Condylar (Ellipsoid) – Movement in two planes (Ex: Knuckles).

- Saddle – Allows grasping (Ex: Thumb joint).

---

✨ Now You’re Set! ✨

You can copy & paste these into Quizlet or Anki, or write them on physical flashcards! Let me know if you need more tweaks! 😊💪