Unit 3

What are the three parts of the coxal (hip) bone?

Ilium (upper part), Ischium (lower back part), Pubis (front part).

What is the socket in the coxal bone where the femur fits?

Acetabulum

What is the function of the obturator foramen?

It is a large hole in the coxal bone that allows nerves and blood vessels to pass through.

What are the 5 types of vertebrae?

Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacrum (5 fused), Coccyx (3-4 fused).

What is the foramen magnum?

A large hole in the occipital bone where the spinal cord passes through.

What bone contains the crista galli and cribriform plate?

Ethmoid bone

What is the main mineral stored in bones?

Calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite).

Why is Vitamin D important for bones?

It helps absorb calcium in the intestines. Without it, bones become weak (rickets, osteomalacia).

What is the name of the small spaces that house mature bone cells?

Lacunae.

What happens when osteoblasts get trapped in their own matrix?

They become osteocytes (mature bone cells).

What are the main parts of a long bone?

Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Medullary cavity, Compact bone, Spongy bone.

What is the growth plate?

The epiphyseal plate, a layer of cartilage that allows bones to grow in length.

What hormone increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts?

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH).

What are the two types of bone formation?

Intramembranous ossification and Endochondral ossification.

What bones are in the axial skeleton?

Skull, vertebral column, rib cage, hyoid bone.

What bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

Arms, legs, pectoral girdle (scapula & clavicle), pelvic girdle (hip bones).

What is the distinguishing feature of cervical vertebrae?

Transverse foramina.

What is the difference between abduction and adduction?

Abduction – Moving away from the midline; Adduction – Moving toward the midline.

What is the difference between flexion and extension?

Flexion – Decreases joint angle; Extension – Increases joint angle.

What is the difference between dorsiflexion and plantar flexion?

Dorsiflexion – Toes point upward; Plantar Flexion – Toes point downward.

What is the difference between supination and pronation?

Supination – Palm upward; Pronation – Palm downward.

What is the difference between inversion and eversion?

Inversion – Sole of foot turns inward; Eversion – Sole of foot turns outward.

What is the difference between protraction and retraction?

Protraction – Moving a body part forward; Retraction – Moving a body part backward.

What is the difference between elevation and depression?

Elevation – Moving a body part upward; Depression – Moving a body part downward.

What are the three main types of joints?

Fibrous Joints, Cartilaginous Joints, Synovial Joints.

What are the types of synovial joints and examples?

Ball-and-Socket (shoulder, hip), Hinge (elbow, knee), Pivot (C1-C2 vertebrae), Gliding (wrist, ankle), Condylar (knuckles), Saddle (thumb joint).