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Marco Polo
A famous European that visited China during the lifetime of Kublai Khan. He was the individual most responsible for promoting exploration
Compass
Important Innovation for the discovery of the New World: Enabled sailors to know which direction they were heading
Caravel
Important Innovation for the discovery of the New World: A Portuguese ship that sported 2 or 3 sails and was extremely maneuverable.
Astrolabe
Important Innovation for the discovery of the New World: Enabled sailors to determine their ship's latitude on the ocean
Mercantillism
An economic system that was designed to enhance the wealth and power of a nation.
Mercantilists believed a nation's wealth consisted of precious metals.
M's saw the world as winners and losers.
Bartolomeu Dias
First one to sail around Africa's southern cape, which he called Good Hope. Portuguese navigator.
Vasco Da Gama
The first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa. Portuguese navigator
Christopher Colombus
An Italian sailor who believed he could find an all-water route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic, but actually landed in the Caribbean Islands, which he called "San Salvador". (First modern European to reach the Western Hemisphere)
Amerigo Vespucci
Florentine navigator who realized the discovery of a new continent and explored the coast of South America.
John Cabot
English explorer who claimed North America for England while looking for Northwest Passage.
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. Magellan died during the voyage.
Martin Luther
-(1483-1546) German theologian who led the Protestant Reformation
-Wrote the 95 Theses
Protestant Reformation
A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. The movement was caused by Europe's rediscovery of biblical truth. It turned England to Protestantism.
John Calvin
(1509-1564) Geneva's most influential teacher and reformer.
Beringia
A land bridge over the Bering Strait that some historians believe once connected Russia and Alaska
Pueblo Indians
Indians that lived in small villages, caves or canyons. Had their "golden age" in 1000 AD but ended by lack of water and raids by Navajos and Apaches
Conquistadores
an Spanish adventurer (especially one who led the conquest of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century)
Mound Builders
The nickname for the Adena and Hopewell Indian cultures who built mounds to bury their dead in.
Eastern Woodlands Indians
Indian civilization that developed along the Atlantic coast (Probably the first Indian culture the settlers encountered).
Five Civilized Tribes
Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles (all in the Southeast)
Hernando Cortés
Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547). The first great Spanish conquistador.
Montezuma
Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors
Francisco de Coronado
Commanded an expedition that left Mexico in 1540 to explore what would later be the southwestern United States
Juan Ponce de León
First to explore the Florida peninsula in 1513, looking for the fountain of youth.
St. Augustine
Oldest city in the U.S.
Hernando De Soto
Discovered the Mississippi River
Philip II
(1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.
Francis Drake
English privateer (Sea Dog) who led British fleet against the Spanish Armada.
Elizabeth I
-English ruler who approved the colonization of North America
-Blended Protestant beliefs and Catholic features in England
Sea dogs
English sea captains that would plunder spanish ship; Hawkins, Raley, Drake
Spanish Armada
(1588) The Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power
Walter Raleigh
Received a charter from Queen Elizabeth I to explore the American coastline. His ships landed on Roanoke, which became a “lost colony.”
Roanoke Island
Island colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh that mysteriously disappeared in the 1580s
"Lost Colony"
Roanoke Island, a short lived colony who's fate has never been determined.
Henry Hudson
English navigator who discovered the Hudson River
New Netherland
-A colony founded by the Dutch in 1624
-It became New York.
Peter Stuyvesant
The last Dutch colonial administrator of New Netherland
New Sweden
-A colony founded in 1683
-Small colony along the Deleware River, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania
Peter Minuit
Dutch colonist who bought Manhattan from the Native Americans for the equivalent of $24
Muslims
Controlled overland trade routes in Asia
Isabella
Queen of Spain - Sponsored Columbus
Aztec
Lived in Mexico before Cortes claimed the land for Spain. Capital was same location as Mexico City.
Spain
During the sixteenth century, they dominated the exploration of the New World.
Orient
During the late 1400s, Europeans greatly desired spices from the area.
Priesthood of all Believers
Believed you can pray to God directly and interpret the Scripture without the need for an intermediary priest
New France
The sparse French settlements in Canada