US History chapter 1

Marco Polo

A famous European that visited China during the lifetime of Kublai Khan. He was the individual most responsible for promoting exploration

Compass

Important Innovation for the discovery of the New World: Enabled sailors to know which direction they were heading

Caravel

Important Innovation for the discovery of the New World: A Portuguese ship that sported 2 or 3 sails and was extremely maneuverable.

Astrolabe

Important Innovation for the discovery of the New World: Enabled sailors to determine their ship's latitude on the ocean

Mercantillism

An economic system that was designed to enhance the wealth and power of a nation.

1. Mercantilists believed a nation's wealth consisted of precious metals.

2. M's saw the world as winners and losers.

Bartolomeu Dias

First one to sail around Africa's southern cape, which he called Good Hope. Portuguese navigator.

Vasco Da Gama

The first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa. Portuguese navigator

Christopher Colombus

An Italian sailor who believed he could find an all-water route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic, but actually landed in the Caribbean Islands, which he called "San Salvador". (First modern European to reach the Western Hemisphere)

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Amerigo Vespucci

Florentine navigator who realized the discovery of a new continent and explored the coast of South America.

John Cabot

English explorer who claimed North America for England while looking for Northwest Passage.

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Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. Magellan died during the voyage.

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Martin Luther

\-(1483-1546) German theologian who led the Protestant Reformation

\-Wrote the 95 Theses

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Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. The movement was caused by Europe's rediscovery of biblical truth. **It turned England to Protestantism.**

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John Calvin

(1509-1564) Geneva's most influential teacher and reformer.

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Beringia

A land bridge over the Bering Strait that some historians believe once connected Russia and Alaska

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Pueblo Indians

Indians that lived in small villages, caves or canyons. Had their "golden age" in 1000 AD but ended by lack of water and raids by Navajos and Apaches

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Conquistadores

an Spanish adventurer (especially one who led the conquest of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century)

Mound Builders

The nickname for the Adena and Hopewell Indian cultures who built mounds to bury their dead in.

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Eastern Woodlands Indians

Indian civilization that developed along the Atlantic coast (Probably the first Indian culture the settlers encountered).

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Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles (all in the Southeast)

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Hernando Cortés

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547). The first great Spanish conquistador.

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Montezuma

Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors

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Francisco de Coronado

Commanded an expedition that left Mexico in 1540 to explore what would later be the southwestern United States

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Juan Ponce de León

First to explore the Florida peninsula in 1513, looking for the fountain of youth.

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St. Augustine

Oldest city in the U.S.

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Hernando De Soto

Discovered the Mississippi River

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Philip II

(1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.

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Francis Drake

English privateer (Sea Dog) who led British fleet against the Spanish Armada.

Elizabeth I

\-English ruler who approved the colonization of North America

\-Blended Protestant beliefs and Catholic features in England

Sea dogs

English sea captains that would plunder spanish ship; Hawkins, Raley, Drake

Spanish Armada

(1588) The Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power

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Walter Raleigh

Received a charter from Queen Elizabeth I to explore the American coastline. His ships landed on Roanoke, which became a “lost colony.”

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Roanoke Island

Island colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh that mysteriously disappeared in the 1580s

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"Lost Colony"

Roanoke Island, a short lived colony who's fate has never been determined.

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Henry Hudson

English navigator who discovered the Hudson River

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New Netherland

\-A colony founded by the Dutch in 1624

-It became New York.

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Peter Stuyvesant

The last Dutch colonial administrator of New Netherland

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New Sweden

\-A colony founded in 1683

\-Small colony along the Deleware River, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania

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Peter Minuit

Dutch colonist who bought Manhattan from the Native Americans for the equivalent of $24

Muslims

Controlled overland trade routes in Asia

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Isabella

Queen of Spain - Sponsored Columbus

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Aztec

Lived in Mexico before Cortes claimed the land for Spain. Capital was same location as Mexico City.

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Spain

During the sixteenth century, they dominated the exploration of the New World.

Orient

During the late 1400s, Europeans greatly desired spices from the area.

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Priesthood of all Believers

Believed you can pray to God directly and interpret the Scripture without the need for an intermediary priest

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New France

The sparse French settlements in Canada