GCSE OCR P.E- Applied Anatomy and Physiology

Everything that you need to know for The Applied Anatomy and Physiology section in Paper 1 of GCSE OCR Physical Education. Bones, joints, muscles, movement, planes, axis, levers, cardiovascular system, respiratory system and effects of exercise. BASED ON SPECIFICATION

Name the bones on the right from TOP to BOTTOM

Scapula

Ribs

Vertebrae

Pelvis

Carpals

Metacarpals

Phalanges

Fibula

Tibia

Name the bones on the left from the TOP to BOTTOM

Cranium

Clavicle

Sternum

Humerus

Radius

Ulna

Femur

Patella

Tarsals

Metatarsals

Phalanges

Name the 6 functions of the skeletal system

Blood cell production, posture, support, movement, protection and storage of minerals.

What is a synovial joint?

A freely moveable joint

What are the 2 types of synovial joints?

Hinge, and ball and socket

What are the four structures within a synovial joint?

Cartilage, synovial fluid, ligaments and tendons.

What is the role of cartilage?

To cushion the joint and prevent friction and wear and tear between the bone ends.

What is the role of ligaments?

• To connect bone to bone to keep a joint together

• To stabilise joints during movement to prevent dislocation

• To absorb shock

• To maintain correct posture and movement

What is the role of tendons?

• To connect muscle to bone

• To allow muscle to pull on a bone for movement.

What are the articulating bones at an elbow joint?

Humerus, radius and ulna

What are the articulating bones at a knee joint?

Femur and tibia

What are the articulating bones at a shoulder joint?

Humerus and scapula

What are the articulating bones at a hip joint?

Pelvis and femur

Name the types of movement at a ball and socket joint.

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction

Name the types of movement at a hinge joint

Flexion and extension

Name the muscles on the right hand side from TOP to BOTTOM

Trapezius

Triceps

Latissimus dorsi

Gluteals

Hamstring

Gastrocnemius

Name the muscles on the left hand side from TOP to BOTTOM

Deltoid

Pectorals

Biceps

Abdominals

Quadriceps

Function of the Tricep

Extends the elbow joint

Function of the Bicep

Flexes the elbow joint

Function of the deltoid

Abducts, flexes and extends the shoulder joint

Function of the pectorals

Helps to addict the arm, and rotate it inwards. Also swings arm across the body.

Function of the trapezius

Helps to rotate the head and bend the neck backwards. Swings arms across and away from the body.

Function of the Gluteals

Extends and rotates the hip joint

Function of the quadriceps

Extends the knee joint

Function of the hamstrings

Flexes the knee joint

Function of the gastrocnemius

Points toes (Plantar flexes the ankle joint)

Function of the Latissimus Dorsi

Addicts the arm at the shoulder joint

Function of the Abdominals

Flexes the trunk and helps to rotate the upper body

Why do muscles work as antagonistic pairs?

As muscles can only contract (pull), they cannot push. Therefore, as one contracts and shortens, another muscle relaxes and lengthens.

Name the three roles a muscle could take

The agonist, the antagonist or the fixator

What is an agonist?

The muscle that works to create the movement.

What is an antagonist?

The muscle that works in the opposite way of the agonist.

What is the fixator?

A muscle that acts as the stabiliser and helps the agonist work effectively of one part of the body during movement of another part.

What are the three components of a lever?

Fulcrum, effort and load

What is the order of a first class lever?

EFL

What is an example of a first class lever?

A header in football

What is the order of a second class lever?

ELF

What is an example of a second class lever?

Going up on point in ballet

What is the order of a third class lever?

FEL

What is an example of a third class lever?

The flexion in a bicep curl.

What is mechanical advantage?

1st and 2nd class levers provide mechanical advantage, this means that a larger load can be moved with a smaller amount of effort.

Name the three types of axis.

Longitudinal axis, transverse axis and frontal axis

Name the three type of planes

Transverse plane, sagittal plane and frontal plane

What pairs with the longitudinal axis?

The transverse plane

What pairs with the Transverse Axis?

The Sagittal Plane

What pairs with the Frontal Axis?

The Frontal Plane

Give an example of the longitudinal axis

A pirouette in dance

Give an example of the transverse axis

A forward roll in gymnastics

Give an example of the frontal axis

A cartwheel in gymnastics

What does the transverse plane divide the body into?

Top and bottom

What does the Sagittal plane divide the body into?

Left and right

What does the frontal plane divide the body into?

Front and Back

What movement happens at the Transverse Plane?

Rotation

What movements happen at the Sagittal Plane?

Flexion and Extension

What movements happen at the Frontal Plane?

Abduction and Adduction

Do the Levers have Mechanical Advantage?

1st- Sometimes

2nd- Always

3rd- Never

What is meant by a double-circulatory system?

The body has two circulatory loops in which blood circulates; the systemic and the pulmonary.

What are the 3 types of blood vessels?

Arteries, veins and capillaries

Which direction do arteries carry the blood?

AWAY from the heart

Which direction do veins carry the blood?

TOWARDS the heart

What are artery walls like?

They are thick and elastic

What are vein walls like?

Thin

What pressure are the arteries under?

High Pressure

What pressure are the veins under?

Low Pressure

Which type of blood vessel has a larger lumen- arteries or veins?

Veins

What are the two main functions of the blood?

Transportation and temperature control

Name the structures the blood would pass through in the heart’s double circulatory system, starting with the Vena Cava.

Vena Cava, Right Atrium, Tricuspid Valve, Right Ventricle, Pulmonary Artery, LUNGS

Pulmonary vein, Left Atrium, Bicuspid Valve, Left Ventricle, Semi- lunar valve, Aorta, BODY

What is heart rate?

Number of beats per minute (bpm)

What is stroke volume?

The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat

What is cardiac output?

Heart Rate x Stroke volume

What is the four components of blood?

Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets.

What is the role of red blood cells?

Containing haemoglobin, they transport oxygen around the body.

What is the pathway of air through the respiratory system?

Mouth/Nose, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

What is the role of the diaphragm in breathing?

During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and moves downwards. During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes and moves back to its domed shape.

What is the role of the intercostal muscles in breathing?

During inspiration, the intercostal muscles contract and move the ribs upwards and outwards. During expiration, the intercostal muscles relax so the ribs move inwards and downwards.

What is breathing rate?

The number of breaths taken in a minute.

What is tidal volume?

The amount of air which enters the lungs during normal inhalation at rest.

What is minute ventilation?

The volume of gas inhaled or exhaled from the lungs per minute.

Where does gas exchange take place, and by what process?

Gas exchange occurs at the alveoli by diffusion.

How are alveoli adapted to increase the rate of diffusion?

• A large blood supply

• A high surface area to volume ratio

• A short diffusion distance- one cell thick

During gas exchange, the blood travelling into the capillaries is deoxygenated. What is diffusing into the alveoli, and what is diffusing out, into the red blood cells?

• Carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli.

• Oxygen diffuses into the red blood cells in the blood forming oxyhaemoglobin.

Define anaerobic exercise.

Exercise which does not allow for the predominant use of oxygen. Usually very high intensity for a short period of time.

Define aerobic exercise.

Use of oxygen for the duration of the exercise. Usually moderate intensity at a continuous rate.

Give two examples of anaerobic exercise.

Weight lifting and sprinting.

Give an example of aerobic exercise.

Long distance running.

What is the short term effects of exercise on muscle temperature?

The temperature of the muscles increases.

What is the short term effect of exercise on heart rate?

The heart rate increases.

What is the short term effect of exercise on stroke volume?

Stroke volume increases.

What is the short term effect of exercise on cardiac output?

Cardiac output increases.

What is the short term effect of exercise on blood flow?

Oxygenated blood is redistributed to the working muscles through vascular shunting.

What is the short term effect of exercise on respiratory rate?

Respiratory rate increases.

What is the short term effect of exercise on tidal volume?

Tidal volume increases.

What is the short term effect of exercise on minute ventilation?

Minute ventilation increases.

What is produced due to anaerobic exercise? Why?

Lactic acid is produced as oxygen cannot be delivered to the working muscles quickly enough, meaning glucose is not fully broken down to carbon dioxide and water.

What are the long term effects of exercise on bone density?

Bone density is increased, reducing the risk of osteoporosis.

What is the long term effect of exercise on hypertrophy of the heart?

Cardiac hypertrophy occurs, meaning that the size of the heart will increase, meaning that the heart will contract with greater force and become more efficient.

What is the long term effect of exercise on muscular strength? Why?

Muscular strength is increased due to muscular hypertrophy, where micro-tears in the muscle fibres grow back stronger

What is the long term effect of exercise on muscular endurance? Why?

Muscular endurance increases as slow twitch fibres will get larger.

What is the long term effect of exercise on resistance to fatigue? Why?

Increased resistance to fatigue due to increased oxygen capacity and a higher anaerobic threshold, delaying lactic acid onset.

What is the long term effect of exercise on resting heart rate and resting stroke volume?

Stroke volume is increased, making resting heart rate decrease.