GEO 363 exam 2

Frame Line

enclose all other map elements

Neat Line

crop the mapped area

mapped area

region of earth being represented

thematic symbols

represent the maps theme

base information

provides a geographic frame of reference for the theme - boundaries, transportation routes, landmarks, place names

inset

a smaller map included within the context of a larger map

legend

the map elements that defines all of the thematyic symbols on a map

data source

tells the map user where the tematic data were obtained

scale

indicates the amount of reduction on a given map andallows user to measure distances

orientation

the indication of direction on a map. (North arrow orgraticule - grid lines)

Verbal scale

a spoken description of the relationship betweenmap distance and Earth distance

Bar Scale

a ruler used to measure distances on a map.

generalization

the process of reducing the information content ofmaps because of scale change, map purpose, intendedaudience, and/or technical constraints

congestion

many objects are compressed into too small a space

coalescence

features graphically collide due to scalechange;

simplification

eliminating the maximum numberof coordinates while retain as much of thegeometry of the feature as possible

smoothing

shifting the position of points toimprove the appearance of the feature

aggregation

joining multiple point featurestogether, e.g. a cluster of building

amalgamation

the process of fusing together nearbypolygon for both noncontinuous and continuous arealdata. eg. small lakes clustered

collapse

involving the conversion of geometry.

merging

fusing together groups of linefeatures, e.g. edges of a river

exaggeration

amplifying a specific part of anobject to maintain clarity in scale reduction.

displacement

deperating objects like streams and roads

enhancement

symbolization change to emphasize the importance of a particular object.

equal intervals

Each class occupies an equal interval along the numberline.

quantiles

Data are rank-ordered and equal numbers of features(observations) are placed in each class

mean staandard deviation

It repeatedly adds or subtracts SD from the mean of the data to form classes.

natural breaks

Similar data values are placed in the same class by minimizing an objective measure of classification error

spacing

changes in the distance between the marks

size

changes in the size of the entire symbol

perspective height

a perspective 3d view of the phenomenon

orientation

direction of symbols

shape

shape of symbols

arrangement

how many marks make up the symbol

choropleth

Data are grouped into classes, a color or gray toneassigned to each class

proportional symbol maps

Symbols are scaled in proportion to the magnitude of data for pointlocations

isopleth maps

Isolines are interpolated between sample points ofknown values

dot maps

1 dot represents a certain amount of a phenomenon

typography

art/process of specifying,arranging and designing type

general typographic guidelines

Avoid decorative type families, use bold/italic stylessparingly; don't underline. Avoid using 2+ type families on a map; Choose a realistic low limit for type size, e.g. 7 pt. onpaper, 10 pt. for screen monitor... Type size should correspond with the size orimportance of map features; Critically evaluate and apply type specifications; All type should be spell-checked.

point feature guidelines

northeast best position

guidlines for linear features

Follow the linear feature no character spacingo repeat if long line choose straight and horizontal portion no upside down tilts position above line consistent gap between line and label break other lines for text

Guidelines for areal features

show extent with character spacing, leading, and simple curveso do not change point size to show extento use uppercase letters for spaced characterso stagger horizontal alignmentso fit gaps between letters across featureso careful that letters in spaced words not mistaken for symbols

visual hierarchy

graphical representation of theintellectual hierarchy in which symbols and map elementswere ranked according to their relative importance.

contrast

visual differences between map features that allow users to distinguish one from another.

figure ground

methods of accentuating one objectover another based on the perception that objectstands in front of another and appears to be closer tothe map user.

balance

the organization ofmap elements and emptyspace resulting in visualharmony and equilibrium.

visible light

electromagnetic energy with wavelength of 380-760nm

structure of the eye

Cornea pupil lens retina optic nerve

rods

sensitive to light and darkchanges, shape and movement; dimlight;

cones

sensitive to 3 colors only under bright light;

Simultaneous contrast

It causes the color of an area to shift toward the opponentcolor of a surrounding color.

Anomalous trichromats

use three colors

Dichromats

use two colors

rgb model

Colors resulting from transmitted light or reflected light R+G+B= white

CMYL

uses ink to display colors c+m+y+black

hsv model

hue saturation and value

color stereospcopic effect

colors from red portion of elctromegnetic spectrum appear slight;yellow nearer to viewers than colors from blue portion

unipolar data

have no obvious dividing point eg, per capital income for ech state

bipolar data

have either a natural or meaningful dividing point, eg. population change values with 0 as a divider, some variablee with mean/median as a meaningful divider

sequential color scheme is reccomended for?

unipolar data

sequential color scheme

Generally a single hue is used throughout , withdifferences in lightness used to communicatedifferences in value

diverging color scheme is recommended for

bipolar data

diverging color scheme

2 distinct hues are used to represent 2 ends of the data, Hues converge on a neutral hue that represent the dividing point.

spectral color scheme

based on the electromagnetic spectrum

random colors should be used for

qualitative data

random color schemes

hues that are easily destinguishable from one another

saturates colors should be reserved for

small areas

color association

people associate things with certain colors like temp

rules for black and white maps or maps that will be copied

Best to design in B&W rather than assuming it will copy all right

Use no more than 5 gray levels

Use different patterns instead of colors

B&W maps may not be able to show as much

Color balance rules still apply—use mostly light patterns; emphasizesmall regions with dark ones

what is gps

A network of satellites that continuouslytransmit coded information (radio signals),which makes it possible to precisely identifylocations on earth by measuring distancefrom satellites (a GPS receiver required).

PNT

Positioning navigation and timing services

ammount of us satelites operating

24

GNSS examples

russion Glonass system 24

Galileo Satelite SYstem 30

Chinese Beidou System 60

regional GNSS

Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System(IRNSS)

Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS)

what does gps receivers need to know

1. The location of at least three satellites above you

2. The distance between you and each of thosesatellites

pseudo range

= (time difference)*(speed of light)

triangulation

3 satelites send signials to reciever and use where the three satelites intersect to locate the reciever

important 4th data

time

what does GPS require to locate someone accuratly

4 satelites x,y,z and fourth for time

differential gps (DGPS)

corrects data in real time or after working in the field

augmentation systems

any system that aids GPS byproviding accuracy, integrity, availability, or any otherimprovement to positioning, navigation, and timing thatis not inherently part of GPS itself