Geology Exam

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chile
__ produces about a 3rd of the world's copper
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BHP Billiton, Anglo American and Japan's Sumiono Corp
Companies that are mining copper in Chile, active copper mines
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Jobs available
Boron, Ca focuses on some __ at a mine
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Chemists
• Geologists
• Engineers
• Environmental scientists
• Millwright
• Electrician
• Equipment operators
• Senior quality advisor
• Business planning and analysis
Jobs available at the U.S Borax Mine
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geopolitics and trade
the videos on rare Earth minerals from china focus on:
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war and human right abuses
videos on Tantalum from the Congo focus on precious minerals paying for military weapons, leading to___
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conflict
___ minerals that are used in cell phones, mined mostly in war torn Congo
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Tungsten (W)
conflict mineral, makes your phone vibrate
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Tantalum (Ta)
conflict mineral, stores electricity for its battery
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Gold (Au)
conflict mineral, coats its wires
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Tin (Sn)
conflict mineral, solders the circuit board
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Acidic
pH closer to 0 example Battery Acid
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Alkaline
closer to pH 14 example liquid drain cleaner
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Coal seams
Pyrite can occur in shales that may be interbedded with ____, especially those that form in marine coastal swamps.
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acidification of local surface waters
strip mining of such coal seams commonly causes _____ because of the oxidation pyrite by exposure to O2 and H2O, The supply of O2 and H2O is usually unlimited
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thiobacillus ferrooxidans
colourless, rod-shaped, aerobic, airborne bacteria. they convert insoluble metals to their soluble state.
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iron
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans is a highly acidophilic bacterium that obtains its energy through the oxidation of:
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1.5 to 2.0
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans acidophilic pH
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large
The pH scale is logarithmic.This means that a small change
in pH represents a ____change in H+ concentration
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buffers
Solutions that resist changes to pH are called __. These act
like sponges to absorb excess H+
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buffering
Fluids in living organisms and seawater have strong ___
capacity. In contrast, rainwater does not
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rainforests, jungles
Where are acid soils commonly found?
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deserts
Where are alkaline soils commonly found?
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rain (H2O) naturally combines with CO2 in the atmosphere to form a weak acid (H2CO3). Clean rainwater has a pH of 5.6-5.7
What effect does rainfall have on soil pH?
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acidic; 5.5 - 7
The natural pH range for most plants is ___, between ___
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true
sulfide minerals like pyrite that are underwater will not weather significantly
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gossan
What is the geological name for a rusty exposure of rock?
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Treatment for acid mine drainage
- add a buffer material like limestone
• limit the area of exposed rock
• compacting acid-generating rock
• covering the rock with sealing layers
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Skeletons
A study of medieval ____________ showed that people who ate more fish had fewer cavities
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40%
About ______ of all cases of dental fluorosis are caused by ingesting fluorinated public drinking water, but the effect is largely aesthetic
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Hydroxyapatite
Tooth enamel is the hardest substance in the human body and contains the highest percentage of minerals. The main mineral is ___________, which is a crystalline form of calcium phosphate
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dissolution
Alkaline groundwater generally tends to increase the solubility of fluorite and fluorapatite, which can lead to _______________ of these minerals and a corresponding increase in F- concentration in the groundwater
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none of the above
Based on your knowledge of heavy metals in the human body, which system in the body would be most impacted by an excess of mercury
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60%
Mesothelioma is a rare cancer of the pleura (lining of the lungs) caused by asbestos inhalation. Mesothelioma kills ___________ of people within a year after their symptoms appear
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silica
The mineral name for crystalline __________ is quartz. It is the main mineral in desert sand and on many beaches around the world
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Zone 1: High
According to the Radon Potential Map of Canada by Radon Environmental Management Corp., the radon potential for Calgary is
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calcium-rich white clay
The oldest evidence for geophagy may be ___________ found alongside bones of Homo habilus at Kalambo Falls near the border of Zambia and Tanzania
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intestines
In many parts of Africa and Asia, clay is consumed in order to reduce nausea and supplement a mineral-deficient diet. Some researchers suspect the clay coats the _________________ and absorbs toxins
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lead
which metal is NOT found in dental amalgam
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kidney stones
____ can form when there is a decrease in urine volume or lack of inhibitors.
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high IQ
Which of the following is not considered a risk factor for gallstones?
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methylmercury
Mercury is converted to ______________ by bacteria in water or sediments. This compound bioaccumulates in aquatic animals and can pose a risk to human health from consumption of predatory fish
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H+
In the chemical reaction for the oxidation of pyrite, what product of the reaction makes rivers and streams more acidic?
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coal seams
Pyrite can occur in shales that may be interbedded with __________, especially those that formed in marine coastal swamps
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gossan
The geological name for a rusty exposure of rock is a:
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allowing oil to escape above or below the boom
Following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, containment booms were deployed, either to corral the oil or as barriers to protect marshes, mangroves, and shrimp/crab/oyster farms. However, booms were criticized for:
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physical barrier
Water cover and dry cover, short term,
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chemical barrier/passivation
inorganic coating and organic coating,
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AMD preventions
bacteria inhibition, physical barrier, chemical barrier/passivation, desulfurization and electrochemical cover
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wet cover
suitable at specific sites where complete inundation is established, but this approach requires high maintenance cost
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dry cover
plastic liners are expensive and rarely used for large volumes of waste
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Bactericides
Can suppress oxidation, but are only effective on fresh tailings and short-lived, and do not serve as a permanent solution to AMD. may be toxic to aquaticorganisms
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inorganic coating
silica is the most promising, stable, acid-resistant and long lasting
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100-1000s of years
Acid will leach from the rock as long as the source rock is exposed to air and water and until the sulphides are leached out, this can last ______
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rainwater or surface damage
how acid is carried off the mine site and into nearby streams, river lakes, groundwater
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physical, chemical, and biological
Acid mine drainage is responsible for ______ degradation of stream habitat. It jeopardizes notonly fish, but also the animals who feed on them.
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soft, malleable, pounded thin, drawn out to make a thin wire, made into shapes, doesn't rust or tarnish
Physical properties of gold
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silver
gold is usually bounded to other metals such as:
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helps extract the gold from the other metals, and leach it into the surrounding water
What role does cyanide play in gold processing?
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1600 degrees Celsius
temperature of a gold smelter
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slag
what are impurities in the smelting process called?
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gold cyanidation
used in 90% of production. controversial due to very toxic nature.
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effects of gold cyanidation
can have a devastating effect on rivers, sometimes killing everything for several miles downstream.
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2000 Baia Mara cyanide spill
was a leak in Romania, into the Someș River by the gold mining company Aurul, a joint-venture of the Australian company Esmeralda Exploration and the Romanian government
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polluted waters killed a large number of fish. worst environmental disaster in Europe since the Chernobyl disaster.
what happened in Baia Mare
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interferes with the cell's ability to use oxygen, causing cellular suffocation. This leads to depression of the central nervous system and respiratory arrests
health effects of cyanide
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50%
The toxicity of cyanide is typically expressed as the concentration that is lethal to ____ of the exposed population
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inhalation, ingestion, eyes and skin
how cyanide gets into the body
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Montana, Wisconsin, Czech Republic and Hungary
where cyanide is banned for gold extraction
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cyanide code
voluntary in the mining industry, aims to reduce environmental impacts with third party audits of a company's management.
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Mercury
a chemical element that can be found in small concentrations in many rocks and is the main component of the mineral cinnabar (HgS). Natural background levels can bedetected in soils, air, and water around the world
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Volcanoes, base metal smelting and gold mining
How does mercury get into the environment
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two-thirds
medical waste incinerators, municipal waste combustors, and coal-fired power plants make up ____ of total u.s mercury emissions
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Coal- and oil-fired power plants
\____ emit harmful pollutants, including mercury, metallic toxins, and acid gases
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elemental form of mercury
liquid metal
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inorganic form of mercury
mercuric chloride and Mercuric sulfide (cinnabar)
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organic form of mercury
methyl, ethyl, dimentyl, phenyl groups
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methymercury
formula [H3CHg]+.It is the major source of organic mercury for all humans. 100% absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract
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Methylmercury biomagnifies
in aquatic animals,and the concentrations can increase by a million fold inanimals at the top of the food chain.
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neurotoxin
As a reproductive toxin and a potent ____, mercury affects the brain and the central nervous system
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Pregnant women, women of childbearing age, and small children
who's is at greatest risk of mercury. Mercury can cross the placenta and cause irreparable neurological damage to the fetus
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1 in 10, 400,000
In March 2001 a study by the CDC found that ____ women in the U.S. have mercury levels high enough to cause neurological damage in their children about ___ babies a year.
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1971 poison grain disaster
mass methylmercury poisoning incident. Grain treated with a methylmercury fungicide and never intended for human consumption was imported into Iraq as seed grain from Mexico and the United States. Due to a number of factors, including foreign-language labelling and late distribution within the growing cycle, this toxic grain was consumed as food by Iraqi residents in rural areas. The recorded death toll was 459 people
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paresthesia
numbness of skin
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ataxia
lack of coordination of muscle movements
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Minamata Disease (Japan)
neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning. It was caused by the release of methylmercury in the industrial wastewater from the Chisso Corporation's chemical factory. 1784 killed
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Ontario Minamata disease
It severely affected two First Nation communities (GrassyNarrows and Whitedog) following consumption of local fish contaminated with mercury
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90%
amount of people that showed signs in Ontario mina mate disease
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Dental amalgam 'silver fillings'
filling material used to fill cavities caused by tooth decay. a mixture of metals, consisting of liquid (elemental)mercury and a powdered alloy composed of silver, tin, and copper.
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50%
of dental amalgam is elemental mercury by weight
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mixes the powdered alloy with the liquid mercury to forman amalgam putty
How do dentists make dental amalgam?
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no
Is the mercury in dental amalgam the same as the mercury in some types of fish?
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releases elemental mercury as a vapor
risk of dental amalgam
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yes
is dental amalgam used in Canada
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Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
Mexico, considered the largest in history
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embedded in the sand
oil found in Florida, scientists say oil is ___
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Turtles
What animals does the video mention as a "poster animal" for the spill? The oil affects the animal at every stage of life
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can't thermoregulate, spend all their time preening
What are the main effects of oil on birds?
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baseline data
data about the area prior to an event or disaster
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Corexit
chemical dispersant, sinks to sea floor when mixed with oil. Dispute about toxicity.