Science 8 – First Periodical Review

These flashcards review key concepts from the Science 8 first periodical test, including human digestion and excretion, plant transport, genetics and inheritance patterns, classification, mammalian and primate traits, biogeochemical cycles, and fundamentals of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

What is the correct path food takes through the human digestive tract?

mouth → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → rectum → anus

Where does most nutrient absorption occur in the human digestive system?

small intestine

Which action is an example of mechanical processing in digestion?

chewing in the mouth

Which organ primarily produces bile that aids in fat digestion?

liver

What structure prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing?

epiglottis

What is the main nitrogenous waste product removed by the kidneys?

urea

Which two body systems work together to eliminate liquid wastes and regulate blood volume?

circulatory and excretory systems

Which process occurs first when forming urine in the kidney?

glomerular filtration

The liver contributes to digestion and excretion mainly by:

producing digestive enzymes

After nutrients enter the bloodstream, they travel to the liver and kidneys, showing interaction between which two systems?

digestive and excretory systems

Which plant tissue transports water upward from roots to leaves?

xylem

Which plant tissue distributes sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant?

phloem

Water moves upward in xylem vessels mainly because of what force?

transpiration pull

Root hairs enhance water absorption primarily by:

increasing surface area

What is the correct path of water movement in a plant?

soil → roots → xylem → leaf

In pedigrees, autosomal dominant inheritance is suggested when a trait:

appears in every generation

Autosomal recessive inheritance is likely when a trait:

skips generations

Two unaffected carrier parents having an affected child indicates which inheritance pattern?

autosomal recessive

A pedigree showing a trait in every generation with equal frequency in males and females suggests:

autosomal dominant inheritance

In pedigree charts, what does a half-shaded symbol represent?

carrier of a recessive allele

In a monohybrid cross of two heterozygous (Tt × Tt) individuals, what is the expected phenotypic ratio?

3 dominant : 1 recessive (3:1)

In a cross hh × Hh for a recessive trait, what percentage of offspring will display the recessive phenotype?

50%

Crossing TT × Tt produces what proportion of homozygous dominant (TT) offspring?

50%

A cross of Tt × tt results in what genotypic ratio?

1 Tt : 1 tt

If both parents are heterozygous (Hh), what is the chance of a homozygous recessive (hh) child?

25%

Which kingdom consists of multicellular, photosynthetic organisms?

Plantae

In the three-domain system, prokaryotes with unique membrane lipids belong to which domain?

Archaea

Which domain contains all eukaryotic organisms?

Eukarya

Under the six-kingdom scheme, true bacteria are placed in which kingdom?

Monera

Bacteria and Archaea are separated in the three-domain system primarily because of differences in:

cell membrane composition

Which feature is unique to mammals?

mammary glands

Humans belong to Order Primates mainly because of the presence of:

opposable thumbs

Which trait is common to all primates?

forward-facing eyes

Which characteristic distinguishes mammals from other vertebrates?

hair

Which primate adaptation aids living in trees (arboreal life)?

opposable thumbs

Which process in the carbon cycle removes CO₂ from the atmosphere?

photosynthesis

In the water cycle, which process converts water vapor into liquid?

condensation

During which process is O₂ produced in the oxygen cycle?

photosynthesis

Water movement through plant leaves back into the atmosphere is called:

transpiration

Carbon returns to the soil mainly through which process?

decomposition

What are the raw materials required for photosynthesis?

carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O)

A primary product of cellular respiration is:

ATP

The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the:

thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast

Which gas is released as a by-product of photosynthesis?

oxygen (O₂)

Which gas is consumed during aerobic cellular respiration?

oxygen (O₂)

Which organelle contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis?

chloroplast

What is the main site of ATP production during cellular respiration?

mitochondrion

Which organelle is not directly involved in either photosynthesis or respiration?

ribosome

In chloroplasts, the Calvin cycle takes place in the:

stroma

Which organelle, found in both plant and animal cells, is nicknamed the “powerhouse” for its role in energy conversion?

mitochondrion