AP PSYCH DEVELOPMENT THEORIES

Sensorimotor stage

experiencing the world through senses (piaget)

Object permenance

the foundational understanding that people and objects continue to exist even when they can't be seen, heard, or touched,

Preoperational stage 

Representing things with words and images. Iniitiative vs. logical reasoning. ex) pretend play, egocentrism, language development

Animism

the belief that non human things have thoughts and feelings

Egocentrism

inability to see things from another person’s perspective.

ex) Child “shows” you a picture, but only they can see it

Concrete operational stage

Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping analogies and using math

Formal operational stage

abstract reasoning

ex) spotting patterns

ZPD

Range of skills that child can perform with assistance, not independently

Scaffolding

providing successive levels of support to help students reach higher levels of comprehension

Theory of mind

People’s ideas about their own and others’ mental state

Preconventional morality

where right and wrong are determined by self-interest, immediate consequences, and avoiding punishment or gaining rewards, rather than societal rules or personal ethics

Conventional morality

where morality shifts from self-interest to adhering to societal norms, rules, and expectations to maintain social order and gain approval, focusing on being a "good person" and respecting authority, rather than questioning the fairness of the rules themselves

postconventional morality

where morality shifts from self-interest to adhering to societal norms, rules, and expectations to maintain social order and gain approval, focusing on being a "good person" and respecting authority, rather than questioning the fairness of the rules themselves

Trust vs. Mistrust

basic sense of safety , security; ability to rely on forces outside of oneself

Autonomy vs. Doubt

perception of self as agent capable of controlling one’s own body and making things happen

Competence vs. Inferiority

Adaquecy in basic social and intellectual skills; acceptance by peers

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Comfortable sense of self as a person, both unique and socially accpeted

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Capacity for closeness and commitment to another

Generativity vs. stagnation

focus of concern beyond oneself, to family, society, future generations

Ego-integrity vs. Despair

Sense of wholeness; basic satisfaction with life