Anatamy and Physiology

5 cellular functions

growth

reproduction

absorbtion

excretion/secretion

metabolism

tissue

aggregation of cells and intercellular substances specialized to perform a particular function

4 types of tissue

epithelial tissue

conective tissue

muscle

nervouse tissue

surface epithelial

sheets of agregated cells

covers external surfaces of the body

Glandular epithelium

forms secretory cells of glands

sits inside connective tissue

epithelial tissues (4 things)

cells are diverse

capable of mitosis

contacts basement membrane

avascular

Basal

in contact with underlying connective tissue

apical

in contact with surface

lateral

in contact with other epithelial cells

squamous epithelial cell

lining of internal surfaces

dehydrates quickly

cuboidal epithelial cells

lines ducts of kidneys and thyroid glands

secretion and absorbtion

columnar epithelial cells

lines absorbtive surfaces (respiratory and digestive tract)

excretes hormones out of body

Stratified Squamous

only superficial cells have squamous shape

if keratanized, no nuclei present

stratified squamous layers

Stratum corneum

stratum granulosum

stratum spinosum

stratum basale

endocrine

secretes products without ducts

exocrine

utilizes ducts to transport materials

glandular epithelial shapes

tubular

alveloar

tubulo-alveolar

merocrine gland

secretory product from cytoplasm to cell membrane

no loss of cell

apocrine gland

secretory product from cytoplasm to cell membrane

partial cell loss

Holocrine gland

secretory product from cytoplasm to cell membrane

whole cell is secreted

serous secretion

clear and watery fluid

may contain enzymes

lacrimal glands

mucoid secetion

mucous in nature

thicker substance

salivary glands'

vaginal secretion

4 types of connective tissue

proper

support

adipose

blood

properties of CT

Diverse

heterogeneous population of cells

unique etracellular materials

3D

Functions of CT

connection

insulation

repair

defense

regeneration

support

locomotion

mesenchymal stem cell

mother stem cell to all types of CT

-blast

immature cell

-cyte

mature cell

collagen fibers

fibro, osteo, and chondro

high tensile steength

hyaline cartilege, dermis, tendons, and ligaments

reticular fibers

fibro

delicate network

arranged around budles of collagenous fiber, smooth muscle

elastic fibers

fibroblast

stretch and rebound

arteries, veins, nuchal ligament

ground substance

secretory sproduct of the cell

defines type of CT

holds cells and fibers together

transports nutrients

stores water

glycosaminoglycan

ground substance

“amino-sugar” combined with carbohydrates

polysaccharide, mucopolysaccaride

glycosaminoglycan distribution

hyaluronic acid (synovial fluid, loose CT)

Chondriotin-4-sulfate(cartilage, bone, cornea)

keratin sulfate (cartilage, bone, crnea, nucleus pulposus)

proteoglycan

ground substance

combines glycoaminoglycan with proteins

absorbs water

supports

proteoglycan distribution

loose CT

Dense irregular CT

synovial fluid

division of proper CT

loose (areolar, adipose)

Dense ( irregular, regular)

elastic

Special (reticular, pigmented)

Areolar /loose CT

mesenchymal, fibroblast, fibrocyte

collagenous, reticular, elastic

Dense CT

mesench. fibroblast, fibrocyte

collagenous

regular and irregular

elastic CT

mesench. fibro

elastic

surounds blood vessels

reticular Special CT

reticular fibers + elastic + collagenous

found in spleen and lymphnode

pigmented special CT

Areolar CT with added pigmented cells

Adipose CT

supported by Areolar CT

energy storage

insulation

absorbtion of cuncussive forces

mechanical protection

white Adipose tissue

large fat droplet

lipids mobilized into blood as energy

brown adipose tissue

smaller cell

numerous fat droplets

metabolism releases heat to elevate temperature of tissues and warm blood

3 types of cartilage

fibro-cartilage

hyaline cartilage

elastic cartilage

properties of cartilage

mesenchym. chondro

collagen fibers

ground substance: amorphous proteoglycans

avascular, support, covers end of bone, template for bone growth

cartilage growth

appositional

interstitial

hyaline cartilage

covers end of bone

serves as bone forming site

supportive structure (nose, trachea, bronchii)

lacunae

space

fibrocartilage

transition from dense CT to haylaine cartilage or bone

ligamnets and tendons

shock absorber

intervertebral disc

elastic cartilage

elastic fibers

supprt with elastiity

ear pinna, laryngeal cartilage

epiglottis

3 parts of a long bone

diaphysis

epiphysis

metaphysis

diaphysis

houses bone marrow

provides support compact/corticle bone

epiphysis

site of articulation

covered in hylaine or articular cartilage

metaphysis

corticle bone with cancellous bone

epiphysial plate

bone physiology

mesenchymal, osteo

collageneous fibers

osteoblast

bone forming cells

secrete collagen fibers and ground substnce

osteoclast

derived macrophage in blood

break down and remodel bone

compact/corticlw bone

dense

resists compression’shaft of long bones

plate paters

growth in diameter

cancellous/spongy bone

arranged in spicules or trabeculae

porus

resists compression

end of long bones

between layers of compact bone in skull

3 envelopes of bone

periosteum

endosteum

osteonal endostum

periosteum

outer covering/capsule of bone

endosteum

inner shaft

defines marrow cavity

osteonal endosteum

connects periosteum to endosteum

ossification methods

inntramembranous

endochrondral

heteroplastic

ossification

deposition of calcium salt on osteoid (laying down ne bone)

calcification

deposition of calcium salts in tissue (disease)

intramemberanous ossification

osteoprogenitor cells to osteoblasts

osteoid to bone

cancellou sbone and flat bones of skull

endochondral ossification

replacement of hyaline cartiladge with bone

heteroplastic ossification

bone is formed outside of skeletal system

achondrodysplasia

short limbs

types of fractures

greenstick

complete

comminutes

epihyseal

fracture repair

blood clot- connective tissueew

osteoblast proliferation

osteid formation

mineralization

remodeling

fibrous joint

suture

syndesmosis

gomphosis

cartilaginous joint

synchondrosis

symphyses

gomphosis

periodontal ligament

synchondrosis

joined by hyaline cartalige

symphysis joint

pelvis and mandible

synovial joint parts

articular surface

aticular cartilage

joint capsule

condylar synnovial joint

hinge joint

ellipsoid synovial joint

wrist and ankle

right angle

spheroid synnovial joint

shoulder and hip

saddle synovial joint

fingers

layers of the skin

epidermis

dermis

subcutaneous tissue

melanocytes

produce melanin which cause pigmentation

melanocytes

located in stratum basale of epidermis

papillary layer

dermal papillae project into epidermis

dense in vascular and nerve suppy

collagenous and elastic CT

reticular layer

reticular CT

skin thickness

subcuticle layer

superficial fasia, subcutis, hypeosermis

areolar CT

fat tissue

sebaceous glands

oily secretion that waterproofs

hair shaft parts

medulla

cortex

cuticle