the condition of taking abnormally fast, deep breaths
15
New cards
Tachypnea
rapid breathing
16
New cards
bradypnea
slow breathing
17
New cards
apnea
absence of breathing
18
New cards
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and sometimes rate to a maximum level, followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea
19
New cards
Kussmaul respirations
very deep and rapid respirations
20
New cards
OXYGEN SATURATION
-Pulse oximeter
21
New cards
sputum culture and sensitivity (C&S)
test performed on sputum to determine the presence of pathogenic bacteria
22
New cards
throat culture
Identifies the microbe (bacterium or fungus) causing a throat infection, with results usually available within 2 days
23
New cards
chest x-ray (CXR)
radiographic image of the thoracic cavity (chest film)
24
New cards
bronchoscopy
visual examination of the bronchi
25
New cards
pulmonary function tests
a group of tests that measure volume and flow of air by utilizing a spirometer
26
New cards
IMPAIRED OXYGENATION: NURSING CARE
-Remain calm
27
New cards
NURSING INTERVENTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
-Cough, deep breath
28
New cards
Nasal cannula
1-6 L/min- Oxygen into nares- Nasal prongs curve inward
29
New cards
Simple face mask
5-10 L/min - Oxygen into nose and mouth- Gauze may to used under elastic straps above the ears if irritation occurs
30
New cards
Nonbreather Mask
6-15 L/min- Prevents patient from rebreathing exhaled air- Bag shouldn't collapse during inhalation
31
New cards
Venturi mask
24-80%- Can deliver precise percentage of oxygen-Physician order percentage of oxygen. Set dial accordingly
32
New cards
Tracheostomy collar
4-10 L/min- Humidified oxygen which rests over trach- Condensation may build up in tubing. Ensure pooled water doesn't enter tracheostomy
33
New cards
OXYGEN SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
-Remove matches and cigarettes
34
New cards
pharyngeal airways
devices that maintain the patency of the pharyngeal structure
35
New cards
nasopharyngeal airway
a flexible breathing tube inserted through the patient's nostril into the pharynx to help maintain an open airway
36
New cards
endotracheal airway
a device that is positioned in the trachea for the purposes of establishing an airway
37
New cards
tracheostomy
surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck
38
New cards
chest tube
Catheter inserted through the thorax into the chest cavity for removing air or fluid; used after chest or heart surgery or pneumothorax.
39
New cards
defacation
Process of bowel elimination
40
New cards
constipation
hard stools; difficulty passing stools
41
New cards
Diarrhea
several liquid stools per day
42
New cards
Fecal incontinence
Loss of voluntary control of the rectal sphincters
43
New cards
Flatus
gas
44
New cards
PERISTALSIS
-Consists of rhythmic, wavelike movements
45
New cards
PROCESS OF DIGESTION
-Enzymes break down the bolus of food, converting it to chyme
46
New cards
Normal bm
soft, formed, light yellowish brown- dark brown, slight odor
47
New cards
Breastfed babies bm
Bright yellow, pasty, seedy-appearing
48
New cards
Formula/cow's milk fed babies bm
darker yellowish brown or tan colored, more firm and formed
49
New cards
Separate hard lumps, like nuts BM
You're lacking fiber and fluids. Drink more water and chomp on some fruits and veggies.
50
New cards
Sausage-shaped but lumpy bm
Not as serious as separate hard lumps, but you need to load up on fluids and fiber
51
New cards
Sausage-shaped but with cracks on surface bm
This is normal, but the cracks mean you could still up your intake of water
52
New cards
Sausage shaped smooth and soft bm
Optimal poop. You're doing fine
53
New cards
Soft blobs with clear cut edges bm
Not too bad. Pretty normal if you're pooping multiple times a day
54
New cards
Fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool bm
You're on the edge of normal. This type of poop is on its way to becoming diarrhea
55
New cards
Watery-solid pieces, all liquid bm
You're having diarrhea. This is probably caused by some sort of infection and diarrhea is your body's way of cleaning it out. Make sure you drink lots of liquid to replace the liquids you lost otherwise you might find yourself dehydrated
56
New cards
Soft and sticks to the side of the toilet bowl bm
Presence of too much oil, which could mean your body isn't absorbing fats properly. Diseases like chronic pancreatitis prevent your body from properly absorbing fat.
57
New cards
brown bm
You're fine. Poop is naturally brown due to the bile produced in your liver
58
New cards
black bm
It could mean that you're bleeding internally due to an ulcer or cancer. Sine vitamins containing iron or bismuth subsalicylate could cause black poop too. Pay attention if it's sticky, and see a doc if you're worried
59
New cards
green bm
food may be moving through your large intestine too quickly. Or you could've eaten lots of leafy green veggies good for coloring
60
New cards
Light colored, white, or clay colored bm
If it's not what you're normally seeing, it could mean a bile duct obstruction. Some meds could cause this too. See a doc.
61
New cards
yellow bm
Greasy, foul smelling, yellow poop indicates excess fat, which could be due to malabsorption disorder like celiac disease
62
New cards
bloody stained or red bm
Blood in your poop could be a symptom of cancer. Always see a doc right away if you have blood in your stool.
63
New cards
spinach
Greenish black streaks bm
64
New cards
beets
reddish bm
65
New cards
Iron supplements and Pepto bismol
black, non-tarry, no odor bm
66
New cards
Antacids and barium
white bm
67
New cards
FACTORS AFFECTING ELIMINATION
-Change in activity level
68
New cards
Guaiac test (occult blood test)
tests for the presence of blood in stool
69
New cards
Culture and sensitivity (C&S)
Identifies microorganisms infection the stool and the antibiotics that will kill the microorganisms
70
New cards
Ova and parasite test (O&P)
Tests for the presence of parasitic worms and their eggs
71
New cards
PROMOTING BOWEL FUNCTION
-Increase physical activity
72
New cards
ALTERATIONS IN ELIMINATION
-Constipation
73
New cards
HEALTH RELATED TO DIARRHEA
-Caused by:
74
New cards
HEALTH RELATED TO CONSTIPATION
-Decrease in physical activity and bedrest
75
New cards
ENEMAS
-Purpose: stimulate the bowel and encourages peristalsis which will result in stool.
76
New cards
SOLUTUONS USED FOR ENEMAS
-Tap water
77
New cards
CONTRAINDICATION FOR ENEMAS
-Rectal surgery
78
New cards
COMPLICATIONS OF ENEMAS
-Fluid and electrolyte issues
79
New cards
VAGAL RESPONSE
-Place the patient in a supine position or Trendelenburg
80
New cards
NORMAL URINARY ELIMINATION
-Void/micturate
81
New cards
oliguria
Decreased urine output
82
New cards
polyuria
excessive urination
83
New cards
anuria
absence of urine
84
New cards
Normal pH of urine
4.5-8.0
85
New cards
Normal specific gravity of urine
1.010-1.029
86
New cards
ABNORMAL URINE
-Red or white blood cells (hematuria)
87
New cards
urinanalysis
Microscopic and chemical examination of a fresh urine sample
88
New cards
Timed urinary collection
Urine tests: This collects all the urine produced within the 24 hour collection time with a final voiding at 24 hours later.
89
New cards
Raegent urine testing
Urinalysis provide tests for Glucose, Bilirubin, Ketone (acetoacetic acid), Specific Gravity, Blood, pH, Protein, Urobilinogen, Nitrite and Leukocytes in urine.
90
New cards
Straining urine
The purpose is to stream out kidney stones (renal calculi).
91
New cards
urinary retention
inability to empty the bladder
92
New cards
residual urine
urine that remains in the bladder after urination
93
New cards
nocturia
excessive urination at night
94
New cards
Cause of alteration in urination
--Kidney stones
95
New cards
TREATMENT FOR RETENTION
-Bladder scanning
96
New cards
MANAGING INCONTINENCE
-Bladder training
97
New cards
urge incontinence
state in which a person experiences involuntary passage of urine that occurs soon after a strong sense of urgency to void
98
New cards
stress incontinence
the inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, sneezing, laughing, or coughing
99
New cards
overflow incontinence
involuntary loss of urine associated with overdistention and overflow of the bladder
100
New cards
functional incontinence
the person has bladder control but cannot use the toilet in time