Buffers to Flame test

Buffers

pair or related chemical compounds capable of resisting large change in the pH of a solution

Dihydrogen + monohydrogen phosphate

The Phosphate Buffer System composition

Phosphate buffer system

The disadvantage of this buffer system is the insolubility of the phosphate salts of metals such as Ag, Zn, and Al and phosphate salt of growth

Borate Buffer System

Buffer system used in preparations containing metals that would otherwise precipitate in the presence of phosphate

Borate Buffer System

This buffer system is contraindicated in parenteral because of toxicity of borates

1. Feldman's buffer system

2. Gifford Buffer system

3. Atkins and Pantin buffer system

the 3 primary borate buffer system

Boric acid + NaCl, Sodium borate

pH = 7 to 8.2

Composition and pH of Feldman's buffer system

Boric acid + KCl, Sodium borate

pH = 6 to 7.8

Composition and pH of Gifford Buffer System

Boric acid + NaCl, Sodium bicarbonate

pH= 7.6 to 11

Composition and pH of Atkins and Pantin Buffer system

1. Bicarbonate/Carbonic Acid

2. Monohydrogen phosphate

3. Hemoglobin and proteins

Buffer systems that the body utilize: (3)

Bicarbonate/Carbonic Acid buffer system

Which buffer system does the plasma and kidneys utilize

Monohydrogen phosphate buffer system

Which buffer system does the Cells and kidneys utilize

Hemoglobin and protein buffer system

Which buffer system does the RBC utilize

Diabetic acidosis

Diarrhea

Renal Failure

Bicarbonate/Carbonic Acid buffer system

Causes of metabolic acidosis (3) and affected buffer system

Excess alkali administration

vomiting

Bicarbonate/Carbonic Acid buffer system

Causes of metabolic alkalosis (2) and affected buffer system

Fever

anorexia

Salicylate poisoning

hysteria

Bicarbonate/Carbonic Acid buffer system

Causes of respiratory alkalosis (4) and affected buffer system

Cardiac disease

Lung damage

Drowning

Hemoglobin and protein buffer system

Causes of respiratory acidosis (3) and affected buffer system

<7.38

pH level for acidosis

>7.42

pH level for alkalosis

Metabolic acidosis

This condition is treated with the sodium salts of bicarbonate, lactate, acetate, and citrate

Metabolic alkalosis

This condition is treated with ammonium salts (action is in the kidneys where it retards the Na-hydrogen exchange)

Fluid maintenance

This is done to supply normal regrement for water and electrolytes to those who cannot take them orally

5% dextrose

Fluid maintenance should contain at least be ____________ to minimize the build-up of metabolites associated with starvation (urea, phosphate and ketone bodies)

Na, Cl, HCO3, Mg & P ions

Composition of fluid maintenance (5)

Electrolyte replacement

This is done when there is a heavy loss of water and electrolyte

Ringer's injection

Composed of 8.6g NaCl, 0.3g KCl, and 0.33g Ca(Cl)2 per liter

Lactated ringer's injection

Composed of 600mg NaCl, 30mg KCl, and 20mg Ca and 310mg Na Lactate per 100 ml

Oral electrolyte solutions

This is given to supply water and electrolyte in amount needed for maintenance (Only for mild to moderate fluid loss)

Essential elements

These are not synthesized by the body and must be included in the diet

Trace elements

These are required for normal functioning but does not need to be included in the diet

Iron

Principal Metabolic function/s:

Constituent of hemoglobin

iodine

Principal Metabolic function/s:

Constituent of T3 and T4

Cobalt

Principal Metabolic function/s:

Constituent of Vit. B12

Zn

Principal Metabolic function/s:

Constituent of insulin and carbonic anhydrase

Copper

Principal Metabolic function/s:

Constituent of oxidase enzymes

Copper

Principal Metabolic function/s:

Formation of hemoglobin

Sulfur

Principal Metabolic function/s:

Constituent of proteins mucopolysaccharides, heparin, biotin, and detoxication

Anemia

Clinical manifestation of deficiency of Iron

Goiter and Cretinism

Clinical manifestation of deficiency of Iodine (2)

Polycythemia

Vit B 12 Deficiency

Pernicious anemia

Clinical manifestation of deficiency of Cobalt (3)

Anemia

Stunted growth

hypogonadism

Clinical manifestation of deficiency of Zn (3)

Hypochromic anemia

Wilson's disease

Clinical manifestation of deficiency of Copper (2)

Cystinuria

Cystine renal calculi

Clinical manifestation of deficiency of Sulfur (2)

Iron

This element is the electron carrier in respiration chain; responsible for transport of molecular oxygen

heme

Identify the mode of linkage:

Hemoglobin + iron

Transferrin

Identify the mode of linkage:

Iron + plasma

Ferritin and Hemosiderin

Identify the mode of linkage:

Storage iron

Oxygen transport

Function of Hemoglobin

Iron transport

Function of plasma

Cell respiration

Use of functional iron (myoglobin, cell hemes)

Iron pool detox

Use of storage iron

Antacids

Agents used to alter gastric pH

Protectives

Agents used for intestinal inflammation

adsorbents

Agents used for intestinal toxins

Cathartics or Laxatives

Agents used for constipation (2)

1 - empty

7 - food is present

pH of stomach when empty and when food is present

Gastritis

A condition where there is specified circumscribed erosion in the GI

Peptic ulcer or esophageal ulcer (Heartburn)

occurs when the esophageal sphincter is defective due to gastric food entering the esophagus during a belch or upon lying in bed; emotional makeup is also a factor

Malignancy and hemorrhage

_____________and _____________are common with gastric ulcers.

Perforation

_____________ is more common with duodenal ulcers

Antacids

alkaline bases used to neutralize the excess gastric HCl associated with gastritis and peptic ulcers

Diarrhea

Occurs when some factor impairs digestion and/or adsorption, thereby increasing bulk of intestinal tract

Acute diarrhea

Diarrhea that is caused by bacterial toxins, chemical poisons, drugs, allergy and disease

Chronic Diarrhea

Diarrhea caused from GI surgery, carcinomas, chronic inflammatory conditions & various adsorptive defects)

laxatives

AKA - mild cathartics,

Stimulant laxatives

These laxatives act by local irritation

Bulk forming agents

These laxatives are from cellulose and other nondigestible polysaccharides which swell when wet

Emollient laxatives (e.g. mineral oil)

These laxatives lubricate/soften stools

Saline cathartics

These agents increase osmotic load of GIT

Sodium sulfate

AKA Glauber's salt

Potassium bitartrate

AKA Cream of Tartar

Calomel

AKA Mercurous chloride and Mild mercury chloride

• Persistent golden yellow

• N/A

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Sodium

Nonluminous flame - violet

Under cobalt glass - crimson

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Potassium

Nonluminous flame - Carmine red

Under cobalt glass - purple

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Lithium

Nonluminous flame - Brick red

Under cobalt glass - light green

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Calcium

Nonluminous flame - Crimson

Under cobalt glass - purple

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Strontium

• Yellowish green

• Bluish green

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Barium

• Colorless

• n/a

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Ammonium

Nonluminous flame - Green

Under cobalt glass - N/A

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Borate

Nonluminous flame - Green

Under cobalt glass - N/A

BUT Could also be

Nonluminous flame - Blue

Under cobalt glass - Yellow

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Copper

Nonluminous flame - Green

Under cobalt glass - N/A

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Phosphorus

Nonluminous flame - Blue

Under cobalt glass - Yellow

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Lead

Nonluminous flame - Blue

Under cobalt glass - yellow

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Arsenic

Nonluminous flame - Blue

Under cobalt glass - Yellow

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Antimony

• Blue

• Yellow

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Bismuth