Intro to CSD Test 2

Neurons are the

building blocks of the nervous system

Central Nervous System

Brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system

neurons that carry information to and from the CNS

Cerebrum 

has two cerebral hemispheres ( similar but not identical) 

Lobes of the brain

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe

Frontal lobe

motor movements, planning motor movements, executive functioning

the Parietal lobe

sensation and spatial processing

the temporal lobe 

auditory processing, language and non-language sounds 

Occipital Lobe

visual processing

Brainstem

lies at the base of the brain in front of the cerebellum and includes the midbrain, pons and medulla

Cerebellum 

lies behind the brainstem and also consist of two hemispheres. Important for balance and ensuring coordination 

Spinal cord

lies within the vertebral column, and relays info from the brain to the body and vice versa

12 pairs of

cranial nerves

31 pairs of

spinal nerves

Primary components of respiration 

lungs, rib cage, air passageways, diaphragm 

Lungs

lie within the rib cage, and fill a large part of the chest cavity, separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm

The lungs are ( texture)

spongy and elastic

Where does exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place 

alveoli 

Inhalation

breathing in; the diaphragm contracts, rib cage elevates and increase in lung volume results in decreased pressure which is equalized by taking air in.

Exhalation

breathing out; muscles relax, decrease in lung volume results in increased pressure and to equalize the pressure, air is expelled

The Larynx is also known as the 

voice box 

the Larynx ( location)

lies on top of the trachea and at the bottom of the pharynx.

Larynx function

to convert respiratory energy to sound energy

the Larynx contains

the vocal folds, epiglottis, cricoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage, and paired arytenoid cartilages

Vocal folds 

forms valve in larynx that can block flow of air. the vibration creates the sound of human voicing. Helps protect lungs from accidental aspiration and helps us preform muscular tasks

Phonation 

vocal folds are brought together, pressure builds below them so they blow apart and vibrate 

Vocal tract

made up of a series of interconnected tubes from the larynx to the opening of the mouth and nose 

the vocal tract is made up of

oral cavity, nasal cavity, laryngeal cavity

articulation

process of forming speech sounds by movement of the articulators

articulators can be

fixed or mobile

what is the most common types of communication disorders? 

developmental speech disorders 

articulation disorders

difficulty producing the sound and sound sequences of a particular language

phonological disorders

difficulty understanding and implementing the underlying rules for producing sounds and sequences

final consonant deletion 

ba for bat 

syllable deletion

bove for above

cluster reduction

sep for step

assimilation 

gig for dig 

stopping

teep for sheep

fronting

tar for car

Functional speech difficulties 

the cause of differences from typically developing children’s speech developmental patterns cannot be determined 

Phonological disorders are often

functional

Perceptual or input related artic disorders

difficulty or inability to gain access to speech sounds produced by others can influence

Structural impairments 

these include syndrome, macroglossia, microglossia, toungue thrust and cleft lip/ cleft palate 

Motor or output related neurological impairments

damage to the CNS or PNS that impair the ability to perform movement necessary for speech.

Motor or output related neurological impairments are usually caused by

strokes, anoxia, trauma or head injury, infection or genetics

Dysarthirai in children is characterized by 

weakness or paralysis, abnormal muscles tone, sensory loss, imprecise articulation, poor voice quality, trouble eating or drooling 

Dysarthria in children can be caused by

stroke, ALS, developmental disorders

Apraxia ( developmental)

inability to effectively plan motor movements, inconsistent errors, groping behavior

Childhood apraxia of speech 

deviant speech development, vowel errors, difficulty planning motor movements, reduced phoneme reptoire, groping of articulators, voicing errors, reduced diadokokinetic rates 

Motor speech disorders

results from damage to the parts of the nervous system responsible for planning and programming movements for speech or the impairment of the ability of muscles to produce speech because they are weak, paralyzed or uncoordinated

Acquired Dysarthria

differs from CP because the adult developed speech and language before the onset of the disorder; decreased intelligibility

Acquired apraxia of speech

a disorder in the planning and programming of speech movements due to left frontal lobe brain damage

Assement process includes 

screening and evaluation 

screening

the first test to determine if an evaluation is necessary. Doesn’t mean treatment is necessary, or mean insurance will cover it, but does mean more testimony is necessary.

Evaluation has 2 forms

Formal and Informal

formal evaluation 

examples include an articulation test 

Informal test includes

a speech sample that could be collected by playing with the child

Substitution errors

substitute one phoneme for another ( wabbit for rabbit)

Omission erros 

omits a phoneme from a word ( book or book) 

Distortion erros

changes the sound( lisp)

Addition erros

adds a sound where it does not belong ( boata for boat)

articulation based therapy

repetitive motor practices with feedback and attention to how the body is used to produce sounds

Phonological- based therapy 

emphasize the use of speech sounds and syllable sequences to communicate ideas 

Augmentative and alternative communication

AAC