Bot-Lec (Sem-1) - Chapter 16: Genetic Basis of Metabolism and Development

reproduction in living organisms

requires precise transmission of hereditary factors known as the chromosomes

chromosomes

thread-like structure located in the nucleus of the cell and control all its activities; made of protein and bears the DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid), the blueprint of what an individual may become

color; body

chroma; soma (meaning)

2-1400

range of number of chromosomes per cell

120

number of chromosomes per cell within Bambusa bambos

720

number of chromosomes per cell within Ophioglossum vulgatum

karyotype

visual representation of a chromosomes found in an organism; sex chromosomes and autosomes

Triticum aestivum

common wheat

histones

a protein that provides structural support for a chromosome

petite

what does the p in p (short) arm denotate?

metacentric; sub-metacentric; acrocentric; telocentric

types of chromosome structures

metacentric chromosome

sub-metacentric chromosome

acrocentric chromosome

telocentric chromosome

genes

sequences of nucleotides making up the DNA that are copied and translated into proteins; may be transcribed into a messenger RNA (mRNA) which is brought to the cytoplasm where it is translated into protein; arranged linearly on chromosomes

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

genetic blueprint of all living organisms; made up of a base consisting of sugar, phosphate and one nitrogen base

adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C)

the four nitrogen bases

adenine

A; purine; nitrogenous base

thymine

T; pyrimidine; nitrogenous base

guanine

G; purine; nitrogenous base

cytosine

C; pyrimidine; nitrogenous base

A & T and G & C

complementary base pairing

deoxyribose

sugar

major and minor grooves of the DNA

brought about by the double helix of DNA wherein one groove is larger than the other; can be used to tell the base sequence of a specific DNA molecule; proteins must be able to recognize specific DNA sequences on which to bind for proper functioning of cells

major groove

occurs when the backbones are far apart

minor groove

occurs when they are close together

messenger RNA (mRNA)

what DNA is converted into through transcription; guides the synthesis of proteins during translation

storage of genetic information; directing protein synthesis; genetic coding; metabolic activities, evolution, heredity, and differentiation

functions of DNA (according to Sir Inoc)

storage of genetic information

function of DNA; DNA acts as the cell's blueprint; encodes instructions for processes such as growth, photosynthesis, and reproduction; genetic information is organized into sequences called genes, which are often arranged in chromosomes within the nucleus

directing protein synthesis

function of DNA; DNA provides the template for the production of proteins, essential for plant cellular processes.

genetic coding

function of DNA; genes, segments of DNA, encode specific proteins that drive vital functions in plants, such as producing chlorophyll for photosynthesis

regulating metabolic activities

function of DNA; DNA indirectly controls metabolic processes by coding for enzymes and proteins involved in plant-specific chemical reactions

driving evolution

function of DNA; variations in plant DNA sequences, through mutations and recombination, are the foundation of evolutionary change

heredity

function of DNA; DNA is the hereditary material passed from parent plants to their offspring through seeds or vegetative reproduction

cell differentiation

function of DNA; allows cells to develop into types with specialized functions, such as root cells for absorption, leaf cells for photosynthesis, or xylem cells for water transpor

encoding protein; inheritance; regulation of cellular activities; role in evolution

functions of DNA

regulation; transcription; translation

encoding protein of genes

regulation

encoding protein of genes; controls the timing, location, and amount of gene expression

transcription

encoding protein of genes; a gene’s DNA sequence is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase

translation

encoding protein of genes; the mRNA is translated into amino acids, which are linked together to form a protein; occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosome

inheritance

a function of genes; genes pass traits from parents to offspring

regulation of cellular activities

a function of genes; genes are responsible for controlling metabolism, growth, development, and repair processes

role in evolution

a function of genes; mutations or changes in genes can lead to variations that drive evolution by natural selection

recombinant DNA; chimera

the general name for taking a piece of one DNA and combining it with another strand of DNA

transformation; phage introduction; non-bacterial transformation

three methods of making a recombinant DNA

plasmids

circular DNA found in the cytoplasm of a bacterium and other microscopic organism

enzymes

used to cut specific DNA sequences

better crops; drought and heat-resistant; insecticide production

significance of recombinant DNA in plants

genetic engineering

process of manipulating genes and introducing them to another organism to produce new traits which may not be found in the original organism; the organism is now transformed and will now have the ability to express the trait encoded by the inserted gene; the organism now may be termed as transgenic organism

genetic engineering; agriculture; nucleic acid hybridization; restriction endonucleases; restriction fragment length polymorphism; DNA cloning

recombinant DNA techniques

genetic engineering

recombinant DNA technique; a process that uses laboratory-based technologies to alter the DNA makeup of an organism; usually used in research and industries such as agriculture and developing medicines; GMO

genetically modified organisms (GMO)

organisms that have had their gene structure changed

agriculture

recombinant DNA technique; developing of drought resistant crops which requires less irrigation

nucleic acid hybridization

recombinant DNA technique; denaturation of double stranded DNA and formation of single stranded DNA

DNA reannealing

renaturation of double-stranded DNA after cooling and certain conditions are met

restriction endonucleases

recombinant DNA technique; recognize and binds to specific DNA sequences and cleave it, it is also known as restriction enzymes

restriction fragment length polymorphism

recombinant DNA technique; analysis on the DNA fragments of two closely related species would have the same sequence

DNA cloning

recombinant DNA technique; incorporating DNA fragments to bacteria and cultured to produce the genetic material with the fragment; plasmids serves as good vectors to proliferate genetic material containing the gene of interest