Chapter 19: Disorders Associated with the Immune System

Mast cells

________ are especially prevalent in the mucosal and connective tissue of the skin and respiratory tract and in surrounding blood vessels.

Asthma

________ is an allergic reaction that mainly affects the lower respiratory system.

rheumatoid arthritis

Crippling ________ is a disease in which immune complexes of IgM, IgG, and complement are deposited in the joints.

hygiene hypothesis

The ________ suggests that limiting childhood exposure to bacteria and parasites may lower immune tolerance and limit the bodys ability to cope with harmless antigens, such as food or pollen.

Anaphylaxis

________ is an inclusive term for the reactions caused when antigens combine with IgE antibodies.

Monoclonal antibodies

________ may also be used to boost immune response by flagging cancer cells as something to attack.

sexual behavior

High- risk ________ and street drug use contribute to the spread of HIV /AIDS.

histamine

Released ________ increases blood flow and the permeability of blood capillaries, resulting in edema (swelling) and erythema (redness)

Prostaglandins

________ affect smooth muscles of the respiratory system and increase mucus secretion.

PrEP

________ and PEP use drug combinations that are also used in HIV treatment.

Basophils

________ in the bloodstream are recruited to the site of an infection.

Hives

________ are more characteristic of a true food allergy, and ingestion of the antigen may result in systemic anaphylaxis.

HPV

A vaccine for strains of the human papilloma virus (________) that are linked to cervical, anal, and throat cancer is now part of the recommended childhood immunizations in the United States.

Identical twins

________ have the same genetic makeup; therefore, skin or organs such as kidneys may be transplanted between them without provoking an immune response.

Myasthenia gravis

________ is a disease in which muscles become progressively weaker.

Insulin dependent diabetes

________ mellitus is a common condition caused by immunological destruction of insulin- secreting cells of the pancreas.

Systemic lupus erythematosus

________ is a systemic autoimmune disease involving immune complex reactions, which mainly affects women.

Gastrointestinal upset

________ is a common symptom of food allergies, but it can also result from many other factors.

host cell

Once inside the ________, viral RNA is released and transcribed into DNA by the enzyme reverse transcriptase.

Autoimmune diseases

________ occur when there is a loss of self tolerance, the immune systems ability to discriminate self from nonself.

virus fusion

After ________ with the host cell, reverse transcription from the RNA genome produces a double- stranded cDNA copy of the HIV genome.

Preexposure prophylaxis

________ (PrEP) and postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV are used to prevent infection after a recent exposure.

Multiple sclerosis

________ is one of the more common autoimmune diseases, affecting mostly younger adult women in temperate areas.

immune system

When the ________ acts in response to self- antigens and causes damage to ones own organs, the result is an autoimmune disease.

study of hypersensitivity reactions

The ________ is called immunopathology.

Genetic immune deficiencies

________ can affect complement, phagocytes, B cells, T cells, or a combination of the various immune system actors.

Transplants

________ recognized as nonself are rejected- attacked by T cells that directly lyse the grafted cells, by macrophages activated by T cells, and, in certain cases, by antibodies, which activate the complement system and injure blood vessels supplying the transplanted tissue.

Graves disease

________ is a condition in which the thyroid gland is stimulated to produce increased amounts of thyroid hormones.

Systemic anaphylaxis

________ (or anaphylactic shock) results when release of mediators causes peripheral blood vessels throughout the body to dilate, resulting in a drop in blood pressure (shock)

HIV

________ is often spread by dendritic cells that reside in mucosal linings, which pick up the virus and carry it to the lymphoid organs.