Adolescent Development Exam 3

Scores based on nominations

Social preference score and Social impact score

Social preference score

The amount of positive versus negative nominations

Social impact score

How many nominations overall they recieved

Popular classification

kids who get lots of positive nominations, high social impact, high social preference. Not the same as the “popular crowd” or “cool kids"

Rejected classification

Kids who recieve lots of negative nominations. High social impact, low social preference. Two categories: aggressive and withdrawn

Aggressive classification

Physically and verbally, hyperactive and impulsive behaviors.

Withdrawn/depressed classification

theres something about them that bothers other kids. might dress weird, outcast.

Controversial classification

kids who recieve lots of high and negative nominations. high social impact. lots of classmates like, lots of classmates dislike.

Neglected classification

kids who have a low social impact, hardly mentioned by peers. Generally liked by teachers

European countries and crowds

Have absence of jocks and academic crowds, absence of brains and nerds

Crowds

based on the stereotypes and reputations of similar members

Cliques

Small groups of between 2 and 12 individuals, defined by common activities or simply by friendship

Clique member

Half of adolescents in this category. See more girls than guys in this category

Liaison

Someone who interacts with two or more adolescents that are in cliques, but not friends with others in the cliques

Isolate

Few or no links to others in the network. Socially isolated from larger friend groups. More boys than girls in this category.

Early adolescence cliques

Acitivites revolve around same-sex cliques. ¾ are apart of a clique. Later, heterosexual dating is lead by clique leaders

Late adolescence cliques

Cliques begin to seperate. Same-sex couples may distance themselves from others

Friendship

Participation, identity (homophily), and quality

Friendship quality measurement

Network of Relationships Inventory

Friends influence

Primarily positive or neutral

Social pressure

Not the primary process of influence between friends

Social reinforcement

Friends don’t need pressure, they just need to make the behavior seem more enjoyable and fun.

DARE program

Started in 1983, had to sign something to commit to not taking drugs. Number of participants went down. Little evidence that it reduced the use of drugs by adolescence

Early adolescence function of dating

Recreation is most important. Establishing and maintaining status along peers, choise of dating partner is more due to how they’re seen by others rather than dating for themselves.

Middle and late adolescence

More egocentric, intimacy begins. Values someone you can have a deep emotional connection with.

Effects of early dating

More of a concern for girls, girls who date seriously in early adolescence are at risk for problems

Why is 15 or later ok for serious dating?

Seems to be that adolescents just need more time to be intimate with their friends first and develop skills in friendship before they can be applied

main takeaway from adolescent dating

Dating itself is not the problem, but the level of seriousness is

Origins of compulsory secondary education

industrialization, immigration, and urbanization

1950s school reform

Emphasis was placed on math and science education, schools blamed for not going to space in response to USSR launch of sputnik

Mid 1960s and 70s reform

Emphasis on “relevance” and more time in the community, hands on experience. Fewer adolescents taking college prep courses.

1980s school reform

Return to basics, more stringent standards and more challenging course work. Argues that students had too much freedom on choosing courses, fear that US was losing its competitive edge.

Today school reform

Increasing concern over students’ inability to use higher order thiking as well as the need for more rigorous academic standards

Vouchers

when a school district subsidizes the cost of a student attending a private school, kind of like a lottery system

Magnet schools

Themed schools within the public school system ex. focused on arts, math, or science

Charter schools

A hybrid between public and private schools, free from district level schools

Characteristics of good schools

→ emphasize intellectual activities

→ teachers have the freedom to choose how their classroom is being conducted

→ monitor the effectiveness of educational practices and policies

→ well-integrated into the surrounding community

→ have classrooms in which students are active

school size: is bigger better?

no

Ideal school size

500-1000 students. Can offer enough stuff, but also have a sense of community.

The “forgotten half”

schools do not serve non-college-bound adolescents very well

dropping out

the dropout rate has been declining over the years, males are more likely to dropout than females. Immigrants are more likely to drop out.

Why do students drop out of school?

50% of the time is school related things: lack of success, grades

The emergence of the student worker

In the first few decades of the 1900s, the number of adolescents who worked declined a lot. The situation changed following the end of WWII

Who works?

Slightly more middle- and upper-middle-class teenagers, more common among white students. Male and female are equally likely to be employed

How much do adolescents work?

Adolescents today work for considerably more hours than adolescents in the past. Averge sophmore: 15 hours. Average senior: 20 hours

Adolescent’s work compared to other countries

adolescents in other industrialized countries are far less likely to work but more likely to work in school-sponsored or government-sponsored aprenticeships

Does working help adolescents develop a sense of responsibility and prepare them for the transition to adulthood

Studies generally do not support the view that having a job makes adolescents more responsible. No difference between sense of responsibility between those with and without a job

Working and deliquency

Working long hours may actually be associated with increases in aggression, school misconduct, precocious sexual activity, and minor deliquency

Realistic personality type

Prefer technical, outdoor and athletic pursuits

Investigative personality type

prefers scientific, research, and intellectual pursuits

artistic personality type

prefers creative, imaginative, and intuitive pursuits

social personality type

prefers helping, developing other and interpersonal pursuits

enterprising personality type

prefers leadership, influencing, and persuasive pursuits

conventional personality type

prefers data management, numerical, and organizational pursuits

Perceptions of vocational training

Initially all students took academic courses and vocational courses, now focus shifted to preparing ALL students for college, vocational track now viewed as “remedial”

Occupational choice

Adolescents tailor their career plans in response to the future labor market and acceptability. Lower SES adolescents are more likely to take whatever jobs are available

Culture

The behavior, patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation

Individualist cultures

Have personal autonomy in decisions but theres friction in group settings and more internal attributions for failure

Collectivist cultures

Success benefits the family. Benefiting the family is important. Has connectedness to the family and great self-liking, but lack of choice and pessimism

Ethnicity

Based on cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion, and language

Assimilation

Relinquish cultural identity → never taught native language

Bicultural

Maintain cultural identity, but also become part of the larger society

Separation

Withdrawal from the majority culture

Marginalized

Lose contact with traditional culture and majority culture

Socioeconomic status

a grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics

5 class structure in the US

Upper class, upper middle class, middle class (high SES)

Lower class, lower lower class (low SES)

Adademic success and SES

higher your SES, the more likely you are to succeed academically

Cognitive and language development + SES

Higher your SES, more developed cognitive development and language development

Psychological problems and SES

Higher SES, fewer psychological problems

Lower SES, more deliquency

High SES parents

Value psychological traits: happiness and curiosity. Engage in more verbal interactions with children and adolescents

Low SES parents

Value external characteristics: obedience and neatness. Likely to discipline with physical punishment and criticize

Problems with poverty

Food is only 1/6 of a families budget, not 1/3 like it used to be. Common expenses today were not part of family life in 50s

Minimum wage

In the 50s, minimum wage job was enough to support a family. Now minimum wage puts you FAR below the poverty line

Who lives in poverty?

11.1% of all Americans live in poverty, women are more likely to live in poverty than men, people of color are grossly over-represented

One of the most common psychological problems among adolescents

Depression

Three types of depression

Depressed mood, major depressive disorder, and dysthymia

Major depressive disorder

At least 5 symptoms must be present over a 2-week period

Dysthymia

Must feel depressed for a majority of the year, more persistant than major depressive disorder, 2 symptoms.

Gender differences and depression

VERY large gender difference. Girls have a very high depressed mood. Girls tend to be more self-conscious about their physical appearance

Suicide attempts

96% of attempts are unsuccessful, boys have more violent attempts

Status offense

ONLY minors

Gun-related deaths

2013-now gun-related deaths are increasing

Deliquency surveys

60-80% of adolescents have engaged in deliquent behavior. ½ of boys

Deliquency ethnic differences

Stereotype of adolescents of color being more deliquet is attributed to them being arrested more frequently

Life-course-persistent offenders

demonstrates deliquent behavior before adolescence, during adolesnce and after adolescence

Adolescence-limited offenders

Only during adolescence, not as violent as life-course-persistent offenders. have more mental health problems than adolescents who are not deliquent at all.

adolescent decision making

Adolescents having peers around them causes more crimes to occur, more risky behavior

monitoring the future project

nationally representative sample of american high school seniors. Alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine are most commonly used and abused substances

ethnic differences and substances

native americans are the higherst with drug and alcohol use

Experimenters and rational abstainers

Score higher on measures of psychological adjustment

Comorbidity

many adolescents who abuse substances have other problems

Psychological risk factors for substance abuse

More tolerant attitudes about drug use, expectations that substances will improve their social life

protective factors with substance abuse

good psychological health, good academic achievement, close family relationships, involvement in religious activities

Prevention efforts focus on 1 of 3 factors

the supply of drugs, characteristics of the potential drug use, and the environment in which adolescents may be exposed to drugs

“the war on drugs”

Ronald Regan. Has not really had an impact on the amount of drugs in the U.S.

What does help prevent substance abuse?

Multifaced efforts have been shown to be effective in reducing substance abuse

Family protective factors

Ones who are affectionate and involved in their children’s lives

Five Cs in positive development

Competence, confidence, connection, character, and caring

3 aspects closely tied to development of initiative

Intrinsic motivation, engagement, and task takes time

Minor hassles

The daily irritations and hassles in life contributes significantly to stress