Angela's Chapter 12 Notes

War of 1812

War of 1812

US w/ poorly trained militias; UK were weak; CA was vital

Montreal

US captured, center of population & transportation

US '3-pronged invasion of Canada'

1812; US initiated; attempted to invade Detroit, Niagara, & Lake Champlain, but all defeated after crossing border

Fort Michilimackinac

US-owned, Commanded upper Great Lakes & S + W Indian areas; captured by UK + CA w/ brilliant defensive ops led by Gen. Issac Brock

Constitution

"Old Iron-sides"; American frigates (ships) w/ better sides, firepower, & crews

Oliver Hazard Perry

US naval officer that built ships on Lake Erie to capture UK fleet victoriously (1813)

Detroit & Fort Malden

Place where UK forced to withdraw from the Battle of Thames

General William Henry Harrison

US leader that defeated the UK in the Battle of Thames

Battle of Thames

October 1813; Initiated and won by the US on land; Harrison overtook the UK in Detroit + Fort Malden

Defeat of Napoleon

European enemies exiled him (FR) to the Mediterranean isle of Elba; US was affected as he acted as protection when US provoked war + distracted UK force on US; now left alone

Thomas Macdonough

Commanded an American fleet on the Battle of Plattsburgh

Battle of Plattsburgh

September 11, 1814; UK initiated overseas, US won; UK attempted to crush NY, but Macdonough unexpectedly turned his ship; affected negotiations of the Anglo-American peace treaty in EU; saved NY from UK Military Control + discontent w/ supporting authorities + Union from dissolution

Battle of Bladensburg

August 1814; UK initiated and won battle on land; UK forces landed in Chesapeake, US deployed but defeated and afterwards UK burned D.C. buildings

Francis Scott Key

Detained American by the UK; inspired the SBP while watching the UK fail at capturing Fort McHenry in Baltimore (Sept 1814)

Andrew Jackson

US Gen; led the Battle of Horseshoe Bend and New Orleans; Secured a commission to enter Spanish territory & punished Indians; (1818) swept FL borders to hang 2 Indian chiefs + execute 2 British for assisting Indians + seized 2 important Spanish posts and removed Spain's governor

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

(1814) Battle where US forces under Andrew Jackson defeated the British-allied and Tecumseh-inspired Natives and protected New Orleans

Battle of New Orleans

January 8, 1815; 3rd British prong-attack overseas, US won; Jackson led sailors including Frenchmen + militiamen; UK made a mistake of a frontier assault; 2K:70 UK-to-US injured ratio in 30 mins; UK increased nationalism

British blockade

UK navals blocked the east coast from any imports for America; British's raging response to their lost w/ Battle of New Orleans

Tsar Alexander I

Emperor of RU; proposed mediation (peace solution) between US & UK which led to the Treaty of Ghent, ending War of 1812

John Quincy Adams

Led the 5-American peacemaker group that went to make the Treaty of Ghent; SECSTATE during Monroe's term

Henry Clay

one of the 5-American peacemakers that went to make the Treaty of Ghent; created the American System

Congress of Vienna

1814-15; Meeting for European leaders to reorganize boundaries after Napoleon's exile

Treaty of Ghent

Xmas Eve, 1814; Ended the War of 1812 w/ the US vs. UK + restored conquered territory

New England Federalists

War hawks' opponents; opposed to the war

"Blue Light Federalists"

Nickname for NE Federalists; held the rumor that flashed lanterns on the shore so that blockading British cruisers would be alerted of potential US ships escaping

Hartford Convention

December 15, 1814-January 5, 1815; Meeting of Federalist states listed and demanded their complaints with Madison's administration, downfall of Federalists

Hartford Resolutions

demanded financial assistance to compensate lost trade + constitutional amendment requiring 2/3 Congressional votes before an embargo is imposed, new states admitted, or war declared + abolish 3/5 clause + limit POTUS to 1 term + prohibit 2 elect POTUS from the same state

"Virginia Dynasty"

Describing the 4 consecutive POTUS that were from VA

Canadian nationalism

Increased stimulus from the War of 1812; Canadians felt betrayed by the Treaty of Ghent and failure to secure an Indian buffer state or Great Lakes

Rush-Bagot Agreement

1817; limited US and UK naval forces on the Great Lakes; US and CA shared the longest unfortified boundary, 5,527 miles long

Waterloo

June 1815; Where Napoleon's final defeat was, Europe slumped into a peace of exhaustion

Bank of the United States

Revived by Congress in 1816 due to the rise in nationalism

Tariff of 1816

1st tariff in US history; Congress created to protect US companies from UK companies selling goods for cheaper prices in attempt to kill business; 20-25% tax on imports

The American System

1824; Made by Henry Clay, 3 parts: banking system, protective tariff, & roads + canals

Roads/canals

Introduced in the Amer System; transported raw goofs from the SW to the NE so manufactured goods could be returned; NE opposed due to it decreasing population

James Madison

4PTH POTUS (1808 + 1812); vetoed Congress votes in giving $1.7M for states' internal improvement as it was unconstitutional

Erie Canal

1825, NY; forced to proceed with construction of programs on their own due to Madison declining the funds

James Monroe

5PTH POTUS (1816), won reelection in 1820 + continued VA Dynasty

"Era of Good Feelings"

Newspaper published to describe Monroe's welcoming positivity for his administration; period of national unity and agreements upon political parties

Overspeculation

Assuming an excessive amount of business risk in speculating something, gleaned over in frontier lands + contributed to the economic panic and effects

"Wildcat banks"

Western banks that were forced to foreclose mortgages on countless farms due to Panic of 1819 + politically unwise

Panic of 1819

1st widespread post-constitution economic crisis in the US; brought deflation, depression, bank failures, & unemployment; set back nationalism and hurt the poorer class

Cumberland Road

1811; 1st federally-funded road that stretched from Maryland to Illinois

Steamboat

1811; First used on western waters, contributed the new era of upstream navigation

Land Act of 1820

West demanded cheap transportation; authorized a buyer to purchase eighty virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25/acre in cash

Tallmadge Amendment

Passed by HOR but failed by Senate: attempt to hold back Missouri as a slave state + restrict anymore slave entries + give freedom to child who are born w/ slaved parents; South slaveholders saw as a threat to sectional balance in N + S as it was a even 11:11 slave state ratio

Peculiar institution

Another term for slavery and its economic impacts in the South

Missouri Compromise

Created by Henry Clay for the slavery issues in Missouri; admitted MO as a slave state + bordered the south of MO to ban slaves North

John Marshall

Chief Justice, bolstered the power of the federal government at the expense of the states

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819; ML tried to tax Bank of the US's paper money & destroy one of their branches

Result: Bank found constitutional (implied powers & loose construction) and denied MD right to tax Bank

(Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law)

Loose construction

a broad interpretation of the Constitution, strengthened in McCulloch v. Maryland

Cohens v. Virginia

1811; the Cohen brothers went to Supreme Court after VA court found them guilty of illegally selling lottery tickets

Result: VA won case, but Marshall then declared Supreme Court's right to review decisions made by state courts

Gibbons v. Ogden

"steamboat case". 1824; NY tried to give a private company a monopoly on waterborne commerce between NY/NJ (meaning no other companies could use the waterway)

Result: NY lost AND Marshall came to conclusion that only Congress (federal gov) can have control over interstate commerce

Fletcher v. Peck

1810; GA legislature bribed to give 35 million acres of land to private speculators, they then voided the law and said any claims of it were invalid; Peck then sold the land to Fletcher who later argued that the land sale was invalid and didn't have the right to sell it which broke the contract; then another legislature canceled the unfair transaction

Results: let the state give land to speculators bc 'contracts can't be impaired' and state laws/legislation can't contradict Constitution; contract can't be broken

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

1819; college chartered by King George III [1769] and NH legislature wanted to change name, Daniel Webster defended the college who didn't want to change it

Results: College wins bc 'original charter (a contract) must stand'; contract can't be broken

Anglo-American Convention

US + UK signed; allowed NE fishermen to Newfoundland fisheries w/ CA + established Northern border of LA territory + joint occupation of the Oregon Country for 10 years w/o surrendering claims/rights

West Florida

Claimed and believed to be destined by the US; uninvited US settlers torn down the flag in 1810 → Congress ratified the take in 1812 → small US army seized the region in the War of 1812

Latin American Democracies/Republics

Revolutions broke out notably in Chile (1810), Venezuela (1811), and Argentina (1816); sudden moves forced Spain to pull troops in FL to contain rebels

Seminoles

Indians w/ fugitive slaves used FL as a refuge; Jackson punished them

St. Marks & Pensacola

Seized by Andrew Jackson; 2 important Spanish ports where he removed Spain's governor

Florida Purchase Treaty

Adam-Onis Treaty, 1819; Spain ceded FL + Spain claims to Oregon in exchange for US abandonment of TX, but US later fight against Mexicans for old land back

Fort Ross

"Ross" is a corruption of 'Russian," owned by RU when the EU autocrats rebelled

George Canning

UK Foreign Secretary; UK Foreign secretary, met with US minister in London w/ a proposition to joint the US and UK declaration to claim any acquiring Latin American territory interest + warn EU despots to keep their hands off their republics; US lacked orders and denied

Monroe Doctrine

1823; Psuhed by Adams, Monroe gave a stern warning to EU powers during SOTU w/ 2 basic features; Noncoloization aimed to keep Russians in the NW to halt; nonintervention w/ affairs within the US or developing Western Hemisphere; EU not happy

Russo-American Treaty

1824; RU + US set the Southern borders of RU holdings in US at the line of 54 degrees 40', pushed Russia North; Tsar's reply to Monroe's Doctrine