STM 007- General Biology

a theory believed that life came from different religions.

Theory of Special Creation

a theory that Earth had not always existed but eternal life exist.

Theory of Eternity

a French zoologist who proposed catastrophism.

Baron Georges Cuvier

this hypothesis states that the seeds of life exist all over the Universe and can be propagated through the outer space.

Cosmozoic Theory

this theory suggests that life could come from non-living things.

Theory of Abiogenesis

he is the one who proposed the theory of Panspermia.

 Hermann Richter

states that life came from pre-existing life.

Theory of Biogenesis

a chemical structure consists of at least two atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds.

Molecule

the fundamental unit of matter.

Atom

group of tissues performing common a function.

Organ

group of similar cells having common function.

Tissue

structure having a specific function in a cell.

Organelle

group of functionally related organs.

System

living thing consists of different organ systems functioning together.

Organism

is a group of organisms interacting to the non-living environment.

Ecosystem

group of different species living together and interacting in a habitat.

Community

is the global sum of all ecosystems.

Biosphere

is the basic building blocks of all organisms.

Cell

group of organisms of the same species living together in an area.

Population

an English scientist who used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork.

Robert Hooke

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a German botanist who showed that the development of all vegetable tissues comes from the activity of cells.

Matthias Schleiden

first man to witness a live cell under a microscope.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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observed that viewed objects in front of the tube appeared greatly enlarged, creating both the forerunner of the compound microscope and the telescope.

Hans and Zacharias Janssen

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a German physiologist who proposed that in animals too, every structural element is composed of cells and cell products. 

Theodor Schwann

it is the fluid portion of the cell approximately 70% - 80% water where all organelles appear to be floating.

Cytoplasm 

a type of cell that dominates most of the tissue cells in animals.

Animal Cell

a series of interconnected membranous sacs and tubules within the cytoplasm that collectively modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

basic unit of life in organisms of the kingdom Plantae.

Plant Cell

it is the covering of the plant cell which is present only in plants.

Cell Wall

it appears either as cluster (polyribosomes) or single, tiny dots that float freely in the cytoplasm.

Ribosomes

a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that separates the internal contents of the cell from its surrounding environment.

Plasma Membrane

a series or stacks of flattened membrane bound organelle that forms a complex structure.

Golgi Body/Golgi Apparatus

an Italian physician who first identified the Golgi Apparatus.

Camillo Golgi

the power house of the cell or energy factories.

Mitochondria

the narrowest component of cytoskeleton.

Microfilaments

have their own DNA and ribosomes, but chloroplast have entirely different function.

Chloroplast

composed of protein called tubulin assembled into hollow tube.

Microtubules

specialized membrane bounded structures for plants.

Vacuoles

made of several strands of fibrous proteins that are wound together.

Intermediate Filaments

a membrane bounded digestive vesicle.

Lysosome

a double membrane structures that constitutes the outermost portion which separate the nucleus from cytoplasm.

Nuclear Envelope

the governor of the cell because it controls all the activities of every organelle inside the cell and has the genetic material which is the DNA containing the instructions for the structure and function of all living organisms.

Nucleus

this is a network of protein fibers that help maintain the shape of the cell.

Cytoskeleton

is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm.

Cytosol

is a network of tubular sacs without ribosomes on the membrane.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

a protective covering of bacteria made up of polysaccharide, its role is to keep the bacterium from drying out and protect it from phagocytosis (engulfing) by larger microorganisms.

Capsule

a semi permeable membrane which allows only selected materials to move inside and outside of the cell.

Plasma Membrane

a cellular component that can only be found mostly in prokaryotes like bacteria.

Flagella

the irregularly-shaped section of the prokaryotic cell where DNA is housed.

Nucleoid

the small hair like projections emerging from outside of the cell surface.

Pili

to exchange DNA between bacterial cells.

Plasmid

mostly single-celled (unicellular) organisms that lacks of nucleus or any other membrane bound organelles.

Prokaryotic Cells

are multicellular organisms that has nucleus, characterized by numerous membranes bound organelles such as mitochondria, ER, Golgi, chloroplast etc..

Eukaryotic Cells

is composed of cytoplasm, the sarcoplasm and its membrane called sarcolemma.

Muscle Fiber

is made of multiple cell layers.

Stratified Epithelium

this epithelium usually forms the lining of stomach and intestine.

Simple Columnar Epithelium.

It covers the body’s internal and external surfaces with one or more layers of tightly packed cells.

Epithelial Tissues

consists of a single layer of cells.

Simple Epithelium

is a single layer of flat cells with oval nuclei and arranged like tiles on the floor.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

is made up of cells which can be either columnar or cuboidal, but in addition, they possess fine hair- like outgrowths called cilia on their free surfaces.

Ciliated Epithelium

roughly cuboidal in shape and each cell has spherical nucleus in the center.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

is made up of long filamentous fibers with many elongated nuclei in the sarcolemma and the presence of many striations of the dark and light cross bands.

Striated Muscle

which is made up of spindle-shaped cells and it is found in the walls of visceral organs.

Smooth or Visceral Muscle

a very special type of muscle, which is striated and involuntary.

Cardiac Muscle

where two cell membranes are adjacent to each other.

Intercalated Disk

is to bind together various parts of the body, to give form and support the body and lastly, forms rigid structures capable of resisting pressure and shocks.

Connective Tissue

this is a non-living material composed of protein fibers and ground substance.

Extracellular Matrix

is a loosely arranged fibro-elastic tissue consists of a clear amorphous ground substance which holds together coagulable tissue fluids, various cells and all fibers.

Areolar Connective Tissue

contains tightly packed collagen fibers, making it stronger than loose connective tissue.

Dense Connective Tissue

tissue has clear oval fat cells, its cytoplasm and nucleus are pushed to the side of each cell by a globule if fat.

Adipose or fats tissue

which can be found in the particular ends of long bones, the ventral ends of the ribs, the nose, the larynx the trachea and the bronchi.

Hyaline Cartilage

are found in the small cavities called lacunae which are scattered through the chondrin matrix.

Chondrocytes

has a dense organic matrix chiefly of collagen with mineral deposits of calcium carbonate and tricalcium phosphate.

Bone or Osseous Tissue

is more solid and found externally and the spongy or calcareous bones, which are composed of latticework of short bars and plates and it is found more internal position.

Compact Bone

a thin layer where other non-living mineral substances are deposited.

Lamella

outermost covering to which the muscles and tendons are attached.

Periosteum

system, runs mainly longitudinally, providing channels for blood vessels and nerve to pass from the outermost periosteum to the inner narrow cavity.

Haversian System

are small spaces where the bone cells are found.

Lacunae

are fine radiating canals that connect the bone cells with adjacent cell and the Haversian canal.

Canaliculi

are numerous disk-shaped cells without nuclei.

Red Blood Cell or Erythrocytes

are the smallest of the leukocytes with large and rounded nuclei that practically fills the cell.

Lymphocytes

are the largest WBC with a centrally-placed nucleus shaped like a kidney or basophil.

Monocytes

are cells with granules in the cytoplasm.

Granulocytes

is most numerous of all WBC with 3 or more lobes.

Neutrophil

with 2 oval lobes connected by thin chromatin thread.

Eosinophil

has elongated nucleus often bent in the form of an S with constrictions.

Basophil

which play a key role in blood clotting. In mammals, thrombocytes are anucleated cell fragments called platelets.

Thrombocytes

It receives and transmits stimuli in the form of nerve impulse to various effectors, such as muscle and glands.

Nervous Tissues

is made up of the cell body containing the nucleus and cytoplasmic extensions- the dendrite, which carry impulses towards the cell body and it is usually short and unbranched and the axon that carries the impulse away from the cell body and usually long and unbranched.

Neuron

in a nucleated cell membrane covers he axon cylinder.

Myelin Sheath

which do not conduct nerve impulses, but instead, they support, nourish, and protect the neurons.

Neuroglia or Nerve Glue

Botany is the branch of science that deals with plants, the person who studies plant structure and function is called a botanist.

Botany

is the science that deals with tissues and the person who studies this is known as Histologist.

Histology

covers the surface of the leaves and the living cells of the roots and stems.

Protective Tissue

the protective covering is the skin whereas in plants.

Epidermis

it helps the plant retain water.

Cuticle

is also called bark, which replaces the epidermis in plants that undergo secondary growth.

Periderm

Meristematic is the region that produce new cells. These new cells are generally small, six sided boxlike structures with tiny vacuoles and large nucleus.

Meristems or Meristematic Tissues.

are located at or near the tips of roots and shoot.

Apical Meristems

accounts for the secondary growth in plants which is generally the horizontal growth.

Lateral Meristem